Stage 3

動名詞
A gerund is a noun that we make by putting the letters ‘ing’ at the end of a verb.
For example, “speaking“, “eating”, “coming”. 

前置詞preposition
不定詞infinitive
In English, after a preposition we use a noun.
For example, “on the table”, “after the lesson”.
If we want to say an action after a preposition, we use the gerund – not the infinitive. 
For example, we say “for buying”, “after eating” etc. 

Do we use the gerund or the infinitive after a preposition? 
We use the gerund after a preposition.

Stage 4

発音
What's the difference between “a“ and “an“ ?
The difference between “a“ and “an“ is that we use “a“ before a consonant sound whereas we use “an“ before a vowel sound.

Why is it right to say “an hour“?
Because the letter “h“ in the word “hour“ is silent.

用語の違い
What's the difference between “to do the shopping“ and “to go shopping“ is that “to do the shopping“?
The difference between “to do the shopping“ and “to go shopping“ is that “to do the shopping“ means to buy the things that are necessary for the house, such as food etc., whereas “to go shopping“ means to visit shops generally.

Stage 5
実際には起こり得ないことについての仮定・推量
In the 2nd conditional, we can use the verb “to be“ in the past simple and say “if I was", "if you were", "if he was" etc. or we can use “were“ for all persons and say “if I were", "if you were", "if he were" etc.
The second form is perhaps more common.

What are the two ways of forming the 2nd conditional with the verb “to be”?
The two ways of forming the 2nd conditional with the verb “to be” are “if I was” and “if I were”.

When do we use the 1st conditional?
We use the 1st conditional to communicate that we think something is a real possibility in the future.
What is its construction?
Its construction is “If“ + present + “will do“.

When do we use the 2nd conditional?
We use the 2nd conditional to communicate that we are only imagining something.
What is its construction?
Its construction is “If“ + past + “would do“.

When do we use the 3rd conditional?
We use the 3rd conditional when we are imagining something in the past that did did not really happen.
What is its construction?
Its construction is “If“ + past perfect + “would have done“.
例文
If she had studied harder, she would have succeeded in the exam last month.

In the 3rd conditional, what do we put after the word “would“?
In the 3rd conditional, we put the word “have“ and the past participle after the word “would“.

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過去完了
When do we use the present perfect?
We use the present perfect when we are thinking about time before and up to now.
Give me an example.
Mary cannot enter her flat because she has lost her key.
What does that sentence mean?
That sentence means that Mary does not know where her key is now because of losing it earlier today.

When do we use the past perfect?
We use the past perfect when we are thinking about time before and up to another point in the past.
Give me an example.
Mary could not enter her flat yesterday because she had lost her key.
What does that sentence mean?
That sentence means that Mary did not know where her key was yesterday because of losing it earlier in the day.

What’s the difference between these two sentences?
“I ate my dinner at 9 o’clock“ and “I had eaten my dinner at 9 o’clock“.
The difference between these two sentences is that “I ate my dinner at 9 o’clock“ means I started to eat my dinner at 9 o’clock, whereas “I had eaten my dinner at 9 o’clock“ means that my dinner was already finished at 9 o’clock.

用語の違い
What’s the difference between “still“ and “yet“?
The difference between “still“ and “yet“ is that we use “still“ for something that is in progress at the moment, whereas we use “yet“ for something that has not begun or happened. We generally use “still“ in positive sentences, whereas we can use “could” instead of “would be able“ in conditional sentences.

What’s the difference between “for“ and “since“?
The difference between “for“ and “since“ is that we use the word “for“ when we say a period of time, whereas we use the word “since“ when we say the point at which the period began.

What’s the difference between “to point at“ and “to point out“?
The difference between “to point at“ and “to point out“ is that we use “to point at“ for the action of pointing the finger at an object, whereas “to point out“ means to indicate something among different things.

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What does the passive voice communicate?
The passive voice communicates that the subject receives the action.

How do we form the passive voice?
We form the passive voice with the verb “to be“ and a past participle.

When do we use a reflexive pronoun?
We use a reflexive pronoun when the subject and object are the same person or thing.

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How do we form the possessive case of singular nouns like “girl”, “man”, “child“ etc.?
We form the possessive case of singular nouns like “girl”, “man”, “child“ etc. by adding an apostrophe and the letter “s“.

How do we form the possessive case of plural nouns that do not end in “s“, such as “men”, “women”, “children“ etc.?
We form the possessive case of plural nouns that do not end in “s“, such as “men”, “women”, “children“ etc. in the same way: by adding an apostrophe and the letter “s“.

How do we form the possessive case of a plural noun which already ends in “s“?
We form the possessive case of a plural noun which already ends in “s“ just by adding an apostrophe, but no “s“.