【VPS管理】 Linuxコマンドメモ
【下書き】【備忘録】
サーバー構築にあたって、今後必要になる知識
◆Linuxコマンドの理解
◆パーミッション(権限)の知識
◆Linux上で動くエディタ(vim)の使い方を覚える
◆HTTPサーバーApacheのインストール方法、設定
◆データベース(MariaDB)のインストール、設定
◆セキュリティ、ファイアウォールの知識
◆WordPressのインストール
ログイン時は / root である。
【定期：０】systemctl list-units --type=service
【役割】稼働中のサービスをリストで表示する
【定期： １】 yum --security update コマンド
【役割】セキュリティアップデートがあるソフトウェアのみを
アップデートするコマンドです。
定期的に実行すること。
# yum --security update
# yum --security update
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
epel/x86_64/metalink | 7.3 kB 00:00:00
* base: mirrors.cat.net
* epel: ftp.riken.jp
* extras: mirrors.cat.net
* remi-safe: ftp.riken.jp
* updates: mirrors.cat.net
base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00
epel | 4.7 kB 00:00:00
extras | 3.4 kB 00:00:00
remi-safe | 3.0 kB 00:00:00
updates | 3.4 kB 00:00:00
(1/4): epel/x86_64/updateinfo | 998 kB 00:00:00
(2/4): remi-safe/primary_db | 1.4 MB 00:00:00
(3/4): updates/7/x86_64/primary_db | 4.2 MB 00:00:01
(4/4): epel/x86_64/primary_db
-->
.
.
.
-->
No packages needed for security; 43 packages available
Resolving Dependencies【定期： ２】 systemctl status [ソフトウェア名] コマンド
【役割】特定のソフトウェアがどのように稼働しているかを
確認するコマンド
（例）httpd (デーモン)
# systemctl status httpd
* httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since [起動日時 (JST表記)]; 1 months 19 days ago
Docs: man:httpd(8)
man:apachectl(8)
Process: [５桁の数字] ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: [５桁の数字] ExecReload=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -k graceful (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: [５桁の数字] (httpd)
Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic: 0 B/sec"
CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
|-[５桁の数字] /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
|-[５桁の数字] /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
|-[５桁の数字] /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
|-[５桁の数字] /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
|-[５桁の数字] /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
|-[５桁の数字] /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
|-[５桁の数字] /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
|-[５桁の数字] /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
|-[５桁の数字] /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
|-[５桁の数字] /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
`-[５桁の数字] /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
[今回のアクセス日時] [ネームサーバ名?] systemd[1]: Reloading The Apache HTTP Server.
[今回のアクセス日時] [ネームサーバ名?] httpd[16017]: AH00548: NameVirtualHost has no effect and will be removed in t...:350
[今回のアクセス日時] [ネームサーバ名?] systemd[1]: Reloaded The Apache HTTP Server.
Warning: Journal has been rotated since unit was started. Log output is incomplete or unavailable.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.【定期： ３】 yum list installed
（役割）Linuxでインストール済みのパッケージを確認する
# yum list installed
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.cat.net
* epel: ftp.riken.jp
* extras: mirrors.cat.net
* remi-safe: ftp.riken.jp
* updates: mirrors.cat.net
Installed Packages
GeoIP.x86_64 1.5.0-13.el7 @base
NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 @updates
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 @updates
NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 @updates
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 @updates
NetworkManager-wifi.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 @updates
abrt.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-addon-ccpp.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-addon-kerneloops.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-addon-pstoreoops.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-addon-python.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-addon-vmcore.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-addon-xorg.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-cli.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-console-notification.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-dbus.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-libs.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-python.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-retrace-client.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
abrt-tui.x86_64 2.1.11-52.el7.centos @base
acl.x86_64 2.2.51-14.el7 @base
aic94xx-firmware.noarch 30-6.el7 @base
alsa-firmware.noarch 1.0.28-2.el7 @base
alsa-lib.x86_64 1.1.6-2.el7 @base
alsa-tools-firmware.x86_64 1.1.0-1.el7 @base
apr.x86_64 1.4.8-3.el7_4.1 @updates
apr-util.x86_64 1.5.2-6.el7 @base
at.x86_64 3.1.13-24.el7 @base
attr.x86_64 2.4.46-13.el7 @base
audit.x86_64 2.8.4-4.el7 @base
audit-libs.x86_64 2.8.4-4.el7 @base
audit-libs-python.x86_64 2.8.4-4.el7 @base
augeas-libs.x86_64 1.4.0-6.el7_6.1 @updates
authconfig.x86_64 6.2.8-30.el7 @base
autoconf.noarch 2.69-11.el7 @base
automake.noarch 1.13.4-3.el7 @base
avahi-libs.x86_64 0.6.31-19.el7 @base
basesystem.noarch 10.0-7.el7.centos @base
bash.x86_64 4.2.46-31.el7 @base
bash-completion.noarch 1:2.1-6.el7 @base
bc.x86_64 1.06.95-13.el7 @base
bind-libs.x86_64 32:9.9.4-73.el7_6 @updates
bind-libs-lite.x86_64 32:9.9.4-73.el7_6 @updates
bind-license.noarch 32:9.9.4-73.el7_6 @updates
bind-utils.x86_64 32:9.9.4-73.el7_6 @updates
binutils.x86_64 2.27-34.base.el7 @base
biosdevname.x86_64 0.7.3-1.el7 @base
bison.x86_64 3.0.4-2.el7 @base
blktrace.x86_64 1.0.5-8.el7 @base
boost-date-time.x86_64 1.53.0-27.el7 @base
boost-system.x86_64 1.53.0-27.el7 @base
boost-thread.x86_64 1.53.0-27.el7 @base
bridge-utils.x86_64 1.5-9.el7 @base
btrfs-progs.x86_64 4.9.1-1.el7 @base
byacc.x86_64 1.9.20130304-3.el7 @base
bzip2.x86_64 1.0.6-13.el7 @base
bzip2-libs.x86_64 1.0.6-13.el7 @base
ca-certificates.noarch 2018.2.22-70.0.el7_5 @base
centos-indexhtml.noarch 7-9.el7.centos @base
centos-logos.noarch 70.0.6-3.el7.centos @base
centos-release.x86_64 7-6.1810.2.el7.centos @base
certbot.noarch 0.31.0-2.el7 @epel
checkpolicy.x86_64 2.5-8.el7 @base
chkconfig.x86_64 1.7.4-1.el7 @base
chrony.x86_64 3.2-2.el7 @base
composer.noarch 1.8.5-1.el7.remi @remi
coreutils.x86_64 8.22-23.el7 @base
cpio.x86_64 2.11-27.el7 @base
cpp.x86_64 4.8.5-36.el7_6.1 @updates
cracklib.x86_64 2.9.0-11.el7 @base
cracklib-dicts.x86_64 2.9.0-11.el7 @base
crda.x86_64 3.18_2018.05.31-4.el7 @base
cronie.x86_64 1.4.11-20.el7_6 @updates
cronie-anacron.x86_64 1.4.11-20.el7_6 @updates
crontabs.noarch 1.11-6.20121102git.el7 @base
cryptsetup.x86_64 2.0.3-3.el7 @base
cryptsetup-libs.x86_64 2.0.3-3.el7 @base
cscope.x86_64 15.8-10.el7 @base
ctags.x86_64 5.8-13.el7 @base
curl.x86_64 7.29.0-51.el7 @base
cyrus-sasl-lib.x86_64 2.1.26-23.el7 @base
cyrus-sasl-plain.x86_64 2.1.26-23.el7 @base
dbus.x86_64 1:1.10.24-13.el7_6 @updates
dbus-glib.x86_64 0.100-7.el7 @base
dbus-libs.x86_64 1:1.10.24-13.el7_6 @updates
dbus-python.x86_64 1.1.1-9.el7 @base
dejavu-fonts-common.noarch 2.33-6.el7 @base
dejavu-sans-fonts.noarch 2.33-6.el7 @base
desktop-file-utils.x86_64 0.23-1.el7 @base
device-mapper.x86_64 7:1.02.149-10.el7_6.3 @updates
device-mapper-event.x86_64 7:1.02.149-10.el7_6.3 @updates
device-mapper-event-libs.x86_64 7:1.02.149-10.el7_6.3 @updates
device-mapper-libs.x86_64 7:1.02.149-10.el7_6.3 @updates
device-mapper-persistent-data.x86_64 0.7.3-3.el7 @base
dhclient.x86_64 12:4.2.5-68.el7.centos.1 @base
dhcp-common.x86_64 12:4.2.5-68.el7.centos.1 @base
dhcp-libs.x86_64 12:4.2.5-68.el7.centos.1 @base
diffstat.x86_64 1.57-4.el7 @base
diffutils.x86_64 3.3-4.el7 @base
dmidecode.x86_64 1:3.1-2.el7 @base
dmraid.x86_64 1.0.0.rc16-28.el7 @base
dmraid-events.x86_64 1.0.0.rc16-28.el7 @base
dosfstools.x86_64 3.0.20-10.el7 @base
doxygen.x86_64 1:1.8.5-3.el7 @base
dracut.x86_64 033-554.el7 @base
dracut-config-rescue.x86_64 033-554.el7 @base
dracut-network.x86_64 033-554.el7 @base
dwz.x86_64 0.11-3.el7 @base
dyninst.x86_64 9.3.1-2.el7 @base
e2fsprogs.x86_64 1.42.9-13.el7 @base
e2fsprogs-libs.x86_64 1.42.9-13.el7 @base
ebtables.x86_64 2.0.10-16.el7 @base
ed.x86_64 1.9-4.el7 @base
efivar-libs.x86_64 36-11.el7_6.1 @updates
elfutils.x86_64 0.172-2.el7 @base
elfutils-default-yama-scope.noarch 0.172-2.el7 @base
elfutils-libelf.x86_64 0.172-2.el7 @base
elfutils-libs.x86_64 0.172-2.el7 @base
emacs-filesystem.noarch 1:24.3-22.el7 @base
epel-release.noarch 7-11 @epel
ethtool.x86_64 2:4.8-9.el7 @base
expat.x86_64 2.1.0-10.el7_3 @base
fail2ban.noarch 0.9.7-1.el7 @epel
fail2ban-firewalld.noarch 0.9.7-1.el7 @epel
fail2ban-sendmail.noarch 0.9.7-1.el7 @epel
fail2ban-server.noarch 0.9.7-1.el7 @epel
file.x86_64 5.11-35.el7 @base
file-libs.x86_64 5.11-35.el7 @base
filesystem.x86_64 3.2-25.el7 @base
findutils.x86_64 1:4.5.11-6.el7 @base
fipscheck.x86_64 1.4.1-6.el7 @base
fipscheck-lib.x86_64 1.4.1-6.el7 @base
firewalld.noarch 0.5.3-5.el7 @base
firewalld-filesystem.noarch 0.5.3-5.el7 @base
flex.x86_64 2.5.37-6.el7 @base
fontconfig.x86_64 2.13.0-4.3.el7 @base
fontpackages-filesystem.noarch 1.44-8.el7 @base
fprintd.x86_64 0.8.1-2.el7 @base
fprintd-pam.x86_64 0.8.1-2.el7 @base
freetype.x86_64 2.8-12.el7_6.1 @updates
fxload.x86_64 2002_04_11-16.el7 @base
gawk.x86_64 4.0.2-4.el7_3.1 @base
gcc.x86_64 4.8.5-36.el7_6.1 @updates
gcc-c++.x86_64 4.8.5-36.el7_6.1 @updates
gcc-gfortran.x86_64 4.8.5-36.el7_6.1 @updates
gd.x86_64 2.0.35-26.el7 @base
gd-last.x86_64 2.2.5-8.el7.remi @remi
gdb.x86_64 7.6.1-114.el7 @base
gdbm.x86_64 1.10-8.el7 @base
gdk-pixbuf2.x86_64 2.36.12-3.el7 @base
gettext.x86_64 0.19.8.1-2.el7 @base
gettext-common-devel.noarch 0.19.8.1-2.el7 @base
gettext-devel.x86_64 0.19.8.1-2.el7 @base
gettext-libs.x86_64 0.19.8.1-2.el7 @base
git.x86_64 1.8.3.1-20.el7 @updates
glib2.x86_64 2.56.1-2.el7 @base
glibc.x86_64 2.17-260.el7_6.3 @updates
glibc-common.x86_64 2.17-260.el7_6.3 @updates
glibc-devel.x86_64 2.17-260.el7_6.3 @updates
glibc-headers.x86_64 2.17-260.el7_6.3 @updates
gmp.x86_64 1:6.0.0-15.el7 @base
gnupg2.x86_64 2.0.22-5.el7_5 @base
gnutls.x86_64 3.3.29-9.el7_6 @updates
gobject-introspection.x86_64 1.56.1-1.el7 @base
gperftools-libs.x86_64 2.6.1-1.el7 @base
gpgme.x86_64 1.3.2-5.el7 @base
gpm-libs.x86_64 1.20.7-5.el7 @base
grep.x86_64 2.20-3.el7 @base
groff-base.x86_64 1.22.2-8.el7 @base
grub2.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos.1 @updates
grub2-common.noarch 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos.1 @updates
grub2-pc.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos.1 @updates
grub2-pc-modules.noarch 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos.1 @updates
grub2-tools.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos.1 @updates
grub2-tools-extra.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos.1 @updates
grub2-tools-minimal.x86_64 1:2.02-0.76.el7.centos.1 @updates
grubby.x86_64 8.28-25.el7 @base
gzip.x86_64 1.5-10.el7 @base
hardlink.x86_64 1:1.0-19.el7 @base
hostname.x86_64 3.13-3.el7 @base
httpd.x86_64 2.4.6-88.el7.centos @base
httpd-tools.x86_64 2.4.6-88.el7.centos @base
hunspell.x86_64 1.3.2-15.el7 @base
hunspell-en.noarch 0.20121024-6.el7 @base
hunspell-en-GB.noarch 0.20121024-6.el7 @base
hunspell-en-US.noarch 0.20121024-6.el7 @base
hwdata.x86_64 0.252-9.1.el7 @base
indent.x86_64 2.2.11-13.el7 @base
info.x86_64 5.1-5.el7 @base
initscripts.x86_64 9.49.46-1.el7 @base
intltool.noarch 0.50.2-7.el7 @base
iproute.x86_64 4.11.0-14.el7 @base
iprutils.x86_64 2.4.16.1-1.el7 @base
ipset.x86_64 6.38-3.el7_6 @updates
ipset-libs.x86_64 6.38-3.el7_6 @updates
iptables.x86_64 1.4.21-28.el7 @base
iputils.x86_64 20160308-10.el7 @base
irqbalance.x86_64 3:1.0.7-11.el7 @base
ivtv-firmware.noarch 2:20080701-26.el7 @base
iw.x86_64 4.3-2.el7 @base
iwl100-firmware.noarch 39.31.5.1-69.el7 @base
iwl1000-firmware.noarch 1:39.31.5.1-69.el7 @base
iwl105-firmware.noarch 18.168.6.1-69.el7 @base
iwl135-firmware.noarch 18.168.6.1-69.el7 @base
iwl2000-firmware.noarch 18.168.6.1-69.el7 @base
iwl2030-firmware.noarch 18.168.6.1-69.el7 @base
iwl3160-firmware.noarch 22.0.7.0-69.el7 @base
iwl3945-firmware.noarch 15.32.2.9-69.el7 @base
iwl4965-firmware.noarch 228.61.2.24-69.el7 @base
iwl5000-firmware.noarch 8.83.5.1_1-69.el7 @base
iwl5150-firmware.noarch 8.24.2.2-69.el7 @base
iwl6000-firmware.noarch 9.221.4.1-69.el7 @base
iwl6000g2a-firmware.noarch 17.168.5.3-69.el7 @base
iwl6000g2b-firmware.noarch 17.168.5.2-69.el7 @base
iwl6050-firmware.noarch 41.28.5.1-69.el7 @base
iwl7260-firmware.noarch 22.0.7.0-69.el7 @base
iwl7265-firmware.noarch 22.0.7.0-69.el7 @base
jansson.x86_64 2.10-1.el7 @base
jasper-libs.x86_64 1.900.1-33.el7 @base
jbigkit-libs.x86_64 2.0-11.el7 @base
json-c.x86_64 0.11-4.el7_0 @base
kbd.x86_64 1.15.5-15.el7 @base
kbd-legacy.noarch 1.15.5-15.el7 @base
kbd-misc.noarch 1.15.5-15.el7 @base
kernel.x86_64 3.10.0-693.17.1.el7 @updates
kernel.x86_64 3.10.0-957.10.1.el7 @updates
kernel-devel.x86_64 3.10.0-693.17.1.el7 @updates
kernel-devel.x86_64 3.10.0-957.10.1.el7 @updates
kernel-headers.x86_64 3.10.0-957.10.1.el7 @updates
kernel-tools.x86_64 3.10.0-957.10.1.el7 @updates
kernel-tools-libs.x86_64 3.10.0-957.10.1.el7 @updates
kexec-tools.x86_64 2.0.15-21.el7 @base
keyutils-libs.x86_64 1.5.8-3.el7 @base
keyutils-libs-devel.x86_64 1.5.8-3.el7 @base
kmod.x86_64 20-23.el7 @base
kmod-libs.x86_64 20-23.el7 @base
kpartx.x86_64 0.4.9-123.el7 @base
kpatch.noarch 0.6.1-1.el7 @base
krb5-devel.x86_64 1.15.1-37.el7_6 @updates
krb5-libs.x86_64 1.15.1-37.el7_6 @updates
langtable.noarch 0.0.31-3.el7 @base
langtable-data.noarch 0.0.31-3.el7 @base
langtable-python.noarch 0.0.31-3.el7 @base
ledmon.x86_64 0.90-1.el7 @base
less.x86_64 458-9.el7 @base
libX11.x86_64 1.6.5-2.el7 @base
libX11-common.noarch 1.6.5-2.el7 @base
libXau.x86_64 1.0.8-2.1.el7 @base
libXft.x86_64 2.3.2-2.el7 @base
libXpm.x86_64 3.5.12-1.el7 @base
libXrender.x86_64 0.9.10-1.el7 @base
libacl.x86_64 2.2.51-14.el7 @base
libaio.x86_64 0.3.109-13.el7 @base
libassuan.x86_64 2.1.0-3.el7 @base
libattr.x86_64 2.4.46-13.el7 @base
libblkid.x86_64 2.23.2-59.el7_6.1 @updates
libcap.x86_64 2.22-9.el7 @base
libcap-ng.x86_64 0.7.5-4.el7 @base
libcgroup.x86_64 0.41-20.el7 @base
libcom_err.x86_64 1.42.9-13.el7 @base
libcom_err-devel.x86_64 1.42.9-13.el7 @base
libconfig.x86_64 1.4.9-5.el7 @base
libcroco.x86_64 0.6.12-4.el7 @base
libcurl.x86_64 7.29.0-51.el7 @base
libdaemon.x86_64 0.14-7.el7 @base
libdb.x86_64 5.3.21-24.el7 @base
libdb-utils.x86_64 5.3.21-24.el7 @base
libdrm.x86_64 2.4.91-3.el7 @base
libdwarf.x86_64 20130207-4.el7 @base
libedit.x86_64 3.0-12.20121213cvs.el7 @base
libedit-devel.x86_64 3.0-12.20121213cvs.el7 @base
libestr.x86_64 0.1.9-2.el7 @base
libfastjson.x86_64 0.99.4-3.el7 @base
libffi.x86_64 3.0.13-18.el7 @base
libffi-devel.x86_64 3.0.13-18.el7 @base
libfprint.x86_64 0.8.2-1.el7 @base
libgcc.x86_64 4.8.5-36.el7_6.1 @updates
libgcrypt.x86_64 1.5.3-14.el7 @base
libgfortran.x86_64 4.8.5-36.el7_6.1 @updates
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quota-nls.noarch 1:4.01-17.el7 @base
rcs.x86_64 5.9.0-5.el7 @base
rdate.x86_64 1.4-25.el7 @base
readline.x86_64 6.2-10.el7 @base
recode.x86_64 3.6-38.el7 @base
redhat-rpm-config.noarch 9.1.0-87.el7.centos @base
remi-release.noarch 7.6-2.el7.remi installed
rfkill.x86_64 0.4-10.el7 @base
rng-tools.x86_64 6.3.1-3.el7 @base
rootfiles.noarch 8.1-11.el7 @base
rpcbind.x86_64 0.2.0-47.el7 @base
rpm.x86_64 4.11.3-35.el7 @base
rpm-build.x86_64 4.11.3-35.el7 @base
rpm-build-libs.x86_64 4.11.3-35.el7 @base
rpm-libs.x86_64 4.11.3-35.el7 @base
rpm-python.x86_64 4.11.3-35.el7 @base
rpm-sign.x86_64 4.11.3-35.el7 @base
rsync.x86_64 3.1.2-4.el7 @base
rsyslog.x86_64 8.24.0-34.el7 @base
satyr.x86_64 0.13-15.el7 @base
scl-utils.x86_64 20130529-19.el7 @base
sed.x86_64 4.2.2-5.el7 @base
selinux-policy.noarch 3.13.1-229.el7_6.9 @updates
selinux-policy-targeted.noarch 3.13.1-229.el7_6.9 @updates
setools-libs.x86_64 3.3.8-4.el7 @base
setserial.x86_64 2.17-33.el7 @base
setup.noarch 2.8.71-10.el7 @base
setuptool.x86_64 1.19.11-8.el7 @base
sg3_utils-libs.x86_64 1.37-17.el7 @base
sgpio.x86_64 1.2.0.10-13.el7 @base
shadow-utils.x86_64 2:4.1.5.1-25.el7_6.1 @updates
shared-mime-info.x86_64 1.8-4.el7 @base
slang.x86_64 2.2.4-11.el7 @base
smartmontools.x86_64 1:6.5-1.el7 @base
snappy.x86_64 1.1.0-3.el7 @base
sos.noarch 3.6-16.el7.centos @updates
sqlite.x86_64 3.7.17-8.el7 @base
sssd-client.x86_64 1.16.2-13.el7_6.5 @updates
strace.x86_64 4.12-9.el7 @base
subversion.x86_64 1.7.14-14.el7 @base
subversion-libs.x86_64 1.7.14-14.el7 @base
sudo.x86_64 1.8.23-3.el7 @base
swig.x86_64 2.0.10-5.el7 @base
sysstat.x86_64 10.1.5-17.el7 @base
systemd.x86_64 219-62.el7_6.5 @updates
systemd-libs.x86_64 219-62.el7_6.5 @updates
systemd-python.x86_64 219-62.el7_6.5 @updates
systemd-sysv.x86_64 219-62.el7_6.5 @updates
systemtap.x86_64 3.3-3.el7 @base
systemtap-client.x86_64 3.3-3.el7 @base
systemtap-devel.x86_64 3.3-3.el7 @base
systemtap-runtime.x86_64 3.3-3.el7 @base
sysvinit-tools.x86_64 2.88-14.dsf.el7 @base
tar.x86_64 2:1.26-35.el7 @base
tcl.x86_64 1:8.5.13-8.el7 @base
tcp_wrappers.x86_64 7.6-77.el7 @base
tcp_wrappers-libs.x86_64 7.6-77.el7 @base
tcpdump.x86_64 14:4.9.2-3.el7 @base
tcsh.x86_64 6.18.01-15.el7 @base
teamd.x86_64 1.27-5.el7 @base
time.x86_64 1.7-45.el7 @base
tix.x86_64 1:8.4.3-12.el7 @base
tk.x86_64 1:8.5.13-6.el7 @base
tkinter.x86_64 2.7.5-77.el7_6 @updates
traceroute.x86_64 3:2.0.22-2.el7 @base
trousers.x86_64 0.3.14-2.el7 @base
tuned.noarch 2.10.0-6.el7_6.3 @updates
tzdata.noarch 2019a-1.el7 @updates
unzip.x86_64 6.0-19.el7 @base
usb_modeswitch.x86_64 2.5.1-1.el7 @base
usb_modeswitch-data.noarch 20170806-1.el7 @base
usbutils.x86_64 007-5.el7 @base
usermode.x86_64 1.111-5.el7 @base
ustr.x86_64 1.0.4-16.el7 @base
util-linux.x86_64 2.23.2-59.el7_6.1 @updates
vim-common.x86_64 2:7.4.160-5.el7 @base
vim-enhanced.x86_64 2:7.4.160-5.el7 @base
vim-filesystem.x86_64 2:7.4.160-5.el7 @base
vim-minimal.x86_64 2:7.4.160-5.el7 @base
virt-what.x86_64 1.18-4.el7 @base
wget.x86_64 1.14-18.el7 @base
which.x86_64 2.20-7.el7 @base
words.noarch 3.0-22.el7 @base
wpa_supplicant.x86_64 1:2.6-12.el7 @base
xdg-utils.noarch 1.1.0-0.17.20120809git.el7 @base
xfsdump.x86_64 3.1.7-1.el7 @base
xfsprogs.x86_64 4.5.0-19.el7_6 @updates
xmlrpc-c.x86_64 1.32.5-1905.svn2451.el7 @base
xmlrpc-c-client.x86_64 1.32.5-1905.svn2451.el7 @base
xz.x86_64 5.2.2-1.el7 @base
xz-devel.x86_64 5.2.2-1.el7 @base
xz-libs.x86_64 5.2.2-1.el7 @base
yajl.x86_64 2.0.4-4.el7 @base
yum.noarch 3.4.3-161.el7.centos @base
yum-langpacks.noarch 0.4.2-7.el7 @base
yum-metadata-parser.x86_64 1.1.4-10.el7 @base
yum-plugin-fastestmirror.noarch 1.1.31-50.el7 @base
yum-utils.noarch 1.1.31-50.el7 @base
zip.x86_64 3.0-11.el7 @base
zlib.x86_64 1.2.7-18.el7 @base
zlib-devel.x86_64 1.2.7-18.el7 @base
上記のコマンドだと、パッケージが大量に出て、探したいパッケージを見つけるのに苦労する。
探したいパッケージ名、もしくはパッケージ名の一部が分かる場合はgrepを用いて条件を絞り込む。
// grepコマンドで絞り込み
yum list installed | grep 調べたい文字列
// mysql関連のインストール済みパッケージを調べたい場合
yum list installed | grep mysql
// php関連のインストール済みパッケージを調べたい場合
yum list installed | grep php
ちなみに「|」はパイプといって、左側の結果出力を右側のコマンドに渡すことができる。
【定期： ４】yum list installed | grep [パッケージ名]
＊ [パッケージ名の例] httpd, php, python, nginxなど。
# yum list installed | grep httpd
httpd.x86_64 2.4.6-88.el7.centos @base
httpd-tools.x86_64 2.4.6-88.el7.centos @base
【A】 man [調べたいコマンド名]
[役割] オンラインマニュアルの表示
（＊ manコマンドの終了は、qを押下）
$ man grep
GREP(1) BSD General Commands Manual GREP(1)
NAME
grep, egrep, fgrep, zgrep, zegrep, zfgrep -- file pattern searcher
SYNOPSIS
grep [-abcdDEFGHhIiJLlmnOopqRSsUVvwxZ] [-A num] [-B num] [-C[num]] [-e pattern] [-f file] [--binary-files=value]
[--color[=when]] [--colour[=when]] [--context[=num]] [--label] [--line-buffered] [--null] [pattern]
[file ...]
DESCRIPTION
The grep utility searches any given input files, selecting lines that match one or more patterns. By default, a
pattern matches an input line if the regular expression (RE) in the pattern matches the input line without its
trailing newline. An empty expression matches every line. Each input line that matches at least one of the
patterns is written to the standard output.
grep is used for simple patterns and basic regular expressions (BREs); egrep can handle extended regular expres-
sions (EREs). See re_format(7) for more information on regular expressions. fgrep is quicker than both grep
and egrep, but can only handle fixed patterns (i.e. it does not interpret regular expressions). Patterns may
consist of one or more lines, allowing any of the pattern lines to match a portion of the input.
The following options are available:
-f file, --file=file
Read one or more newline separated patterns from file. Empty pattern lines match every input line.
Newlines are not considered part of a pattern. If file is empty, nothing is matched.
-i, --ignore-case
Perform case insensitive matching. By default, grep is case sensitive.【B】whatis [調べたいコマンド名]
【役割】どんなセクションがあるかを調べる。
$ whatis grep
grep(1), egrep(1), fgrep(1), zgrep(1) - file pattern searcher
git-grep(1) - Print lines matching a pattern【C】ディレクトリ構成
# ls -l
total 28
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 [Date / Time] bin -> usr/bin
dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 4096 [Date / Time] boot
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3311 [Date / Time] check_permissions.py
drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 3020 [Date / Time] dev
drwxr-xr-x. 93 root root 8192 [Date / Time] etc
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 21 [Date / Time] home
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 [Date / Time] lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 [Date / Time] lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 [Date / Time] media
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 [Date / Time] mnt
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 31 [Date / Time] opt
dr-xr-xr-x 126 root root 0 [Date / Time] proc
dr-xr-x---. 5 root root 226 [Date / Time] root
drwxr-xr-x 32 root root 920 [Date / Time] run
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 [Date / Time] sbin -> usr/sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 [Date / Time] srv
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 [Date / Time] sys
drwxrwxrwt. 10 root root 4096 [Date / Time] tmp
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 155 [Date / Time] usr
drwxr-xr-x. 21 root root 4096 [Date / Time] var【D】su - コマンド
【役割】ユーザーの切り替え
「 [ - ] の有無について」
「-」をつけた場合は、現在のシェルの環境変数をすべて解除し、その上で指定したユーザーとしてシェルを起動します。そして、カレントディレクトリをそのユーザーホームディレクトリとします。
/home：ユーザのホームディレクトリ。容量が大きくなりやすい。
/etc：設定ファイル が置かれる
/var：システムログなどの動的に変化するファイルが置かれる。
/opt：追加でインストールしたパッケージを配置するため、容量が大きくなる場合がある。
/tmp：誰でも読み書き可能なため、危険性を考慮すべき
１）find
$ find [ディレクトリ名] -name [ファイル名]
$ find . -name Gemfile # カレントディレクトリの場合、「.」でOK
./yugao/Gemfile２）grep コマンド 【頻出の２記法】
[出典：] マイケルさんより（https://twitter.com/@4ro_ro4）
【１】
・history | grep ssh
・cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf | grep error_log
【役割・目的】ファイルの中身などを出力して、
抜き出したいところだけパイプでgrepを書く。
ex)
//サーバーが複数あり、サーバーのIPを忘れたとき、履歴から取得
history | grep ssh
//nginxのerror_logの設定などをみたいとき
cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf | grep error_log【２】
・grep -r -n '検索したい文字列' ディレクトリ
【役割・目的】
オプション -r -n を使って、ディレクトリごと、再帰的に検索
-r はディレクトリをgrepで指定することができます。
-n は該当するファイルの行番号を表示することができます。
３）バージョン確認系
$ php -v
( / root )の位置のままでok
PHP 7.1.28 (cli) (built: 日付) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.1.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2018 Zend Technologies$ mysql --version
# インストールしたのは、Maria DBだけだったはず。
mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 5.5.60-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1各OS毎に異なります
<1> まずはカーネルのバージョンを調べる
[root@ ~]$ cat /proc/version
Linux version 3.10.0-957.10.1.el7.x86_64
(mockbuild@kbuilder.bsys.centos.org)
(gcc version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36) (GCC) )
#1 SMP インストール日時
<2> CentOS/RedHat Enterprise Linuxの場合
[root@ ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) ４．sshd(sshサーバーであるsshd)の再起動
$ systemctl restart sshd.servicessh(クライアント) : 他のサーバにsshで接続する設定
sshd(デーモン) : 他のサーバからsshで接続されるときの設定
CentOS6はserviceコマンドで再起動だったが、
CentOS7ではsystemctlコマンドを使う。
５．systemctlコマンド系統
$ man systemctl
[結果]
NAME
systemctl - Control the systemd system and service manager
SYNOPSIS
systemctl [OPTIONS...] COMMAND [NAME...]
DESCRIPTION
systemctl may be used to introspect and control the state of the "systemd" system and service manager.
Please refer to
systemd(1) for an introduction into the basic concepts and functionality this tool manages.
OPTIONS
The following options are understood:
--state=
The argument should be a comma-separated list of unit LOAD, SUB, or ACTIVE states. When listing units, show only
those in specified states. Use --state=failed to show only failed units.
COMMANDS
The following commands are understood:
Unit Commands
list-units [PATTERN...]
List known units (subject to limitations specified with -t). If one or more PATTERNs are specified, only units
matching one of them are shown.
This is the default command.
list-sockets [PATTERN...]
List socket units ordered by listening address. If one or more PATTERNs are specified, only socket units matching
one of them are shown. Produces output similar to
LISTEN UNIT ACTIVATES
/dev/initctl systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service
...
[::]:22 sshd.socket sshd.service
kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
5 sockets listed.
start PATTERN...
Start (activate) one or more units specified on the command line.
Note that glob patterns operate on a list of currently loaded units. Units which are not active and are not in a
failed state usually are not loaded, and would not be matched by any pattern. In addition, in case of instantiated
units, systemd is often unaware of the instance name until the instance has been started. Therefore, using glob
patterns with start has limited usefulness.
stop PATTERN...
Stop (deactivate) one or more units specified on the command line.
restart PATTERN...
Restart one or more units specified on the command line. If the units are not running yet, they will be started.
status [PATTERN...|PID...]]
Show terse runtime status information about one or more units, followed by most recent log data from the journal.
If no units are specified, show system status. If combined with --all, also show the status of all units (subject
to limitations specified with -t). If a PID is passed, show information about the unit the process belongs to.
This function is intended to generate human-readable output. If you are looking for computer-parsable output, use
show instead. By default this function only shows 10 lines of output and ellipsizes lines to fit in the terminal
window. This can be changes with --lines and --full, see above. In addition, journalctl --unit=NAME use a similar
filter for messages and might be more convenient.
Unit File Commands
enable NAME...
Enable one or more unit files or unit file instances, as specified on the command line. This will create a number
of symlinks as encoded in the "[Install]" sections of the unit files. After the symlinks have been created, the
systemd configuration is reloaded (in a way that is equivalent to daemon-reload) to ensure the changes are taken
into account immediately. Note that this does not have the effect of also starting any of the units being enabled.
If this is desired, either --now should be used together with this command, or an additional start command must be
invoked for the unit. Also note that in case of instance enablement, symlinks named the same as instances are
created in the install location, however they all point to the same template unit file.
disable NAME...
Disables one or more units. This removes all symlinks to the specified unit files from the unit configuration
directory, and hence undoes the changes made by enable. Note however that this removes all symlinks to the unit
files (i.e. including manual additions), not just those actually created by enable. This call implicitly reloads
the systemd daemon configuration after completing the disabling of the units. Note that this command does not
implicitly stop the units that are being disabled. If this is desired, either --now should be used together with
this command, or an additional stop command should be executed afterwards.
Machine Commands
list-machines [PATTERN...]
Job Commands
list-jobs [PATTERN...]
Snapshot Commands
snapshot [NAME]
Environment Commands
show-environment
set-environment VARIABLE=VALUE...
Manager Lifecycle Commands
daemon-reload
System Commands
is-system-running
６．firewallを通過できるサービスの一覧表示
# firewall-cmd --list-all
public (active)
target: default
icmp-block-inversion: no
interfaces: eth0
sources:
services: ssh dhcpv6-client http https pop3
ports: 443/tcp 22/tcp 80/tcp
protocols:
masquerade: no
forward-ports:
source-ports:
icmp-blocks:
rich rules: ７．ソフトウェアのインストールコマンド(yumコマンド)
# yum install <pkg>
$ yum install httpd参照：https://eng-entrance.com/linux-package-yum
８．httpd (httpサーバーアプリケーション)の起動
$ systemctl start httpd９．ファイアウォールのポート解放
$ firewall-cmd --add-service=http --zone=public --permanent
$ firewall-cmd --add-service=https --zone=public --permanent１０．再起動
# systemctl restart firewalld１１．パーミッションの確認(ls- l)
１２．curl コマンド
[役割] URLを標準出力する
$ curl http://xxx.com/index.html
# ファイル名を指定して保存
$ curl -o index.html http://xxx.com/index.html１３．psコマンド
【役割】PID、 実行端末名、CPU消費時間、コマンド名の他に実行ユーザ名なども表示させること。（＊ uオプション）
$ ps u
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TT STAT STARTED TIME COMMAND
[U-name] 3440 0.0 0.0 4296240 1732 s000 S 12:08PM 0:00.23 -bash１４．netstatコマンド
【役割】開いているポートを確認することができる。
開いているポートを確認することで、現状どのようなネットワークサービスが稼働しているかを確認できる。
$ netstat
Active Internet connections
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state)
tcp4 0 0 **.*.***.**.***** ec2-**-***-***-*.https ESTABLISHED
tcp4 0 0 **.*.***.**.***** edge-****-****-*.https LAST_ACK
udp4 0 0 **.*.***.**.***** ********-**-***..https
udp4 0 0 *.* *.*
udp6 0 0 *.***** *.*
Active Multipath Internet connections
Proto/ID Flags Local Address Foreign Address (state)
icm6 0 0 *.* *.*
Active LOCAL (UNIX) domain sockets
Address Type Recv-Q Send-Q Inode Conn Refs Nextref Addr
**************** stream 0 0 0 **************** 0 0 /var/run/mDNSResponder
**************** stream 0 0 0 **************** 0 0
**************** stream 0 0 0 **************** 0 0 /var/run/mDNSResponder
**************** stream 0 0 0 **************** 0 0
**************** stream 0 0 0 **************** 0 0 /var/run/mDNSResponder
**************** stream 0 0 0 **************** 0 0
**************** stream 0 0 0 **************** 0 0 /var/run/mDNSResponder
**************** stream 0 0 0 **************** 0 0
Registered kernel control modules
id flags pcbcount rcvbuf sndbuf name
1 9 0 ****** ****** com.apple.flow-divert
2 1 1 ***** **** com.apple.nke.sockwall
3 9 0 ****** ****** com.apple.content-filter
4 1 0 ***** ***** com.apple.net.necp_control
Active kernel event sockets
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q vendor class subcla
kevt 0 0 * * 1
kevt 0 0 * * 1
kevt 0 0 * * 1
Active kernel control sockets
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q unit id name
kctl 0 0 1 2 com.apple.nke.sockwall
kctl 0 0 1 5 com.apple.net.netagent
kctl 0 0 2 5 com.apple.net.netagent
リモートログオンクライアント [SSH(22ポート), telnet]
Windows : PuTTY (パティ)
Mac: Terminal
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