It is generally said that science is about discovering the simple laws behind natural phenomena. In order to express a natural phenomenon with a formula, it is necessary to deform the phenomenon so that it fits the formula. However, the nature side, which is the key, sometimes has a very complicated mechanism contrary to human convenience. Traditionally, gravity was thought to occur naturally when objects were brought together. Therefore, it has been speculated that planets like Earth are packed with rocks even inside. However, as I explained last time, there is a large cavity inside the earth. It is highly probable that the thickness of the Earth is only about 3000 kilometers. There is no doubt that Cavendish's experiment detected diamagnetism. Mass does not create gravity. So, what kind of mechanism generates gravity? Newton thought that gravity works in space in the same way as it does on the ground, as it is called universal gravitation. However, as explained at the beginning of this series, the force that appears to be gravity in space is the electromagnetic force due to the plasma. There is not only attractive force but also repulsive force. Gravity on Earth has no repulsive force. If gravity is an electromagnetic force, it would be possible to block it with a metal plate, but that is also not possible. I will explain gravity, which has a complicated mechanism, step by step.

mass is electromagnetic mass

Matter is made up of atoms. Atoms consist of a nucleus and surrounding electrons, which account for most of the mass. The nucleus is said to be made up of protons and neutrons. However, as explained in "Errors in Quantum Mechanics as Seen from the History of Science", protons are bound together by electrons in the nucleus. A neutron is a proton with an electron attached. It turns out that matter is made up of protons and electrons. Protons and electrons are charged particles. When a force is applied to a charged particle, a magnetic field is generated, creating resistance due to the magnetic field. Since protons and electrons are charged in opposite directions, their magnetic fields are also opposite. The magnetic field when a force is applied does not come out of the object. Only resistance will appear. This electromagnetic mass was known in the first half of the 20th century.

https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F-102364

However, because neutrons were considered elementary particles, they were thought to be something like a bonus to mass. Again, neutrons are composite particles in which electrons are combined with protons. A magnetic field is generated when the neutron rotates, indicating that it is a dipole consisting of a proton and an electron. It is also clear from the fact that neutrons decay into protons and electrons in about 800 seconds outside the nucleus. The property that mass appears only when you try to move an object is exactly what happens when a force is applied to a charged particle.

EM Drive

By the way, do you know EM Drive? EM Drive is an engine invented by a British engineer in 1999.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmDrive

According to Wikipedia, the EM drive misdetected the force of the earth's magnetic field on the cable. However, Berca's site, where he personally tested the EM drive, clearly detected thrust.

https://www.masinaelectrica.com/emdrive-independent-test/#comment-10348

The EM drive generates thrust on one side when microwaves are applied to a sealed drum-shaped metal container. It is a phenomenon that cannot be explained by the standard theory, such as violating the law of conservation of momentum. However, when I saw the structure of the EM drive, something clicked. Electromagnetic waves are pulses of electric fields. I would like you to read the previous note for details, but to put it simply, electromagnetic waves propagate through charged particles that exist in the surroundings as a medium. In the air, it is a phenomenon in which pulses of an electric field are transmitted in a string through oxygen molecules and nitrogen molecules.

https://note.com/ja7tdo/n/nc6abb0aa8d10

When an electromagnetic wave hits the surface of a metal, the electrons surrounding the metal atoms are excited. To be excited is to raise the voltage. As a result, the electrons around the atom shift to one side. This is called electronic polarization.

When electronic polarization occurs, the nucleus is attracted to the polarized electrons. In the EM drive, the microwaves that hit the metal surface generate an electric field, and electronic polarization appears. It is possible. We can anticipate several ways to improve the thrust of the EM drive. One is to prepare microwaves that are in phase. If the phases of the microwaves hitting the metal surface are aligned, the direction of the electronic polarization will also be aligned, so the force that attracts the atomic nuclei will also be large. However, it would be quite difficult to align the phases of microwaves generated by bremsstrahlung when electrons are bent by magnets. Another simple method is to apply a bias voltage to the metal. For example, if a voltage of about 10 kV is applied, the electric field generated by microwaves will always either repel or attract.

With this method, you can change the direction of thrust by changing the polarity of the bias voltage. Unfortunately, these methods do not appear to have been tested in real-world experiments. Here, it was confirmed that when an electromagnetic wave is applied to a substance, a force due to an electric field is generated. The force generated on individual atoms is the same mechanism as electromagnetic mass.

Strongest Electromagnetic Waves on Earth

By the way, very strong electromagnetic waves are generated around us 24 hours a day. It is an extremely low frequency radio wave called Schumann resonance. The Schumann Resonance is a radio wave that spans several frequencies with a base of 7.83 Hz.

Radio waves at this frequency, known as ELF, have the property of penetrating matter well. The Kamioka Mine has a neutrino detector installed 1km underground, and the Schumann resonance is observed here as well. It is explained that the source of the Schumann resonance is created by the reflection of radio waves from lightning discharges, which occur constantly around the world, between the ionosphere and the earth's surface.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schumann_resonances

Let's convert the Schumann resonance frequency to wavelength. The relationship between the frequency and wavelength of electromagnetic waves is obtained by the following formula.

f=c/λ c is the speed of light, λ is the wavelength

The radius of the earth is 6371km, the speed of light is 299792458m/s, and the pi is 3.141592. Using this formula, the frequency is 7.49Hz when the length of the earth's surface is taken as one wavelength. According to wikipedia, it should have a lower frequency because it resonates between the ionosphere and the surface of the earth.
So, calculating the radius at 7.83Hz gives 6096km. This corresponds to the upper part of the mantle, the asthenosphere, 275 km underground.

In other words, it can be expected that olivine is changing to granite at around 275 km underground, and a large amount of electrons are emitted there. Olivine (SO4) reacts with methane (CH4), which exists in large quantities inside the earth. 2SO4 + CH4 -> 2SO2 + 2H2O + CO2 + 2e This reaction is expected, but similar reactions have serpentinizing effects.

https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%9B%87%E7%B4%8B%E5%B2%A9%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8-780431

Considering that olivine reacts with methane yields a number of favorable results, but this will be covered in another article. Schumann resonance occurs when a huge amount of electrons born in this reaction rotate due to rotation.

Mechanism for stabilizing gravity

The Schumann resonance is relatively widely observed. As some of you may know, the intensity of the Schumann resonance changes from moment to moment.

Gravity generated by such changing radio waves, but the gravity we feel has extremely stable properties. In fact, the earth has a mechanism to keep the gravity constant even if the Schumann resonance changes.
Low frequency radio waves such as the Schumann resonance are known to be reflected by the ionosphere. The ionosphere is densely populated with protons and electrons. It is known that densely packed charged particles reflect electromagnetic waves. The Schumann resonance is emitted at around 275 km underground, but it is reflected by the ionosphere and returns to the surface. A little below the surface of the earth, there are also a large number of electrons, so they are reflected back toward the ionosphere. Reflections continue until they decay.

Let Fu be the force of the Schumann resonance radiated from the earth's crust acting on the object, and Fd be the force of the Schumann resonance reflected from the ionosphere acting on the object. Considering Fd0, which is reflected in the ionosphere for the first time, and Fu1, which is reflected again in the crust, the force acting on the object is

Fd0-Fu1

becomes. Radiation from above is an upward force, and radiation from below is a downward force. Assuming that the reflection is repeated n times, the force is given by

F = Fu0-Fd0+Fu1-Fd1+ ・・・+Fun-Fdn = Σ(Fun-Fdn)

At this time, it can be seen that Fun-Fdn takes a constant value even if the height of the reflecting ionosphere changes. This is because as the ionosphere rises, Fdn decreases, but Fu(n+1) also decreases. It can be seen that Σ(Fun - Fdn) is almost constant regardless of the height of the ionosphere. It is the same even if the strength of the Schumann resonance changes. There is another mechanism that maintains gravity. When an object is lifted up from the surface of the earth, it eventually passes through the ionosphere and goes out into outer space.

Gravity does not disappear even after crossing the ionosphere. In fact, there is a mechanism that gradually changes from the gravity on the ground to the gravity of the universe - the electric attraction and repulsion of the plasma.

In general, the earth's atmosphere is weakly ionized positively due to the influence of cosmic rays. Objects in the atmosphere are charged due to the influence of the atmosphere. The higher the altitude, the stronger the positive charge. For this reason, it will be electrically pulled from the minus of the earth's surface. Gravity due to the Schumann Resonance decreases as altitude increases, but you don't feel the decrease in gravity as much because the electric attraction increases. After 30 km, gravity changes from Schumann resonance to plasma gravity. I think this system works very well. Even in the 1960s, when humans were able to go out into space, the gradual change in the mechanism of gravity did not make people doubt the universal gravitational force.

Gravity does not act on air

An important point in considering gravity on the ground is that gravity does not work on gases. For example, fill a bucket with water and swing it from bottom to top. If you rotate it vigorously, water will not spill even if it is turned upside down due to centrifugal force. This is because centrifugal force exerts a force on the water. Centrifugal force will create pressure at the bottom of the bucket. So what happens when you rotate an empty bucket? Does spinning it around create pressure on the bottom of the bucket? In fact, no pressure is generated in the empty bucket at a small rotation speed. This is because the air molecules move around at a speed of about 400m/s, so centrifugal force cannot be applied by the rotation of the bucket. In order to apply centrifugal force to gas, a rotational speed exceeding the speed of sound is required. The equivalence principle exists in the standard theory. The principle is that gravity and centrifugal force are equal. If the equivalence principle is correct, the gravity does not work on the gas where the centrifugal force does not work. The gravitational force caused by the Schumann resonance is a force due to electronic polarization, so the electronic polarization cannot catch up with atoms that are moving around like a gas. In other words, there is no gravity acting on the Earth's atmosphere. It is thought that the reason why the atmosphere sticks to the earth is that the weakly ionized atmosphere is attracted to the minus of the earth. In addition, the atmospheric pressure is not the pressure that the atmosphere is accumulated by gravity, but the phenomenon called the ion wind created by the atmospheric potential makes the pressure.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAj8qu-OmaA

There is a potential difference of about 300,000 volts between the surface of the earth and the ionosphere. The potential difference is as high as 100V per 1m near the ground surface, and it gradually decreases as the altitude increases. This potential difference creates a phenomenon called ionic wind, which can be felt as atmospheric pressure.

Let's summarize. Gravity on the ground is the generation of force due to Schumann resonance. From the ground to space, the Schumann resonance changes to the electric attraction/repulsion of the plasma. There is no gravity in the atmosphere. Ionic wind due to atmospheric potential is the cause of atmospheric pressure. I tried to explain the complicated mechanism of gravity. Next time I will explain why the earth rotates.