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問：下記の英文を訳せ。

13. Research with normal individuals also suggests that there may be separate systems for explicit and implicit memory.
Much of this research has relied on a measure of implicit memory called priming (for example, the extent to which prior exposure to a list of words later facilitates completing stems of these words). Some studies reveal that an independent variable that affects explicit memory (amount of elaboration during encoding) has no effect on priming, and other studies show that a variable that affects implicit memory has no effect on explicit memory. Brain-scanning studies with normal individuals show that explicit memory is accompanied by increased neural activity in certain regions, whereas implicit memory is accompanied by a decrease in neural activity in critical regions.

14. Unlike a videotape, a memory is constructed and reconstructed on the basis of expectations and knowledge: It shows systematic departures from the objective reality that underlies it. This kind of reconstruction can occur at the time the memory is originally formed or at varying time periods following its formation. This kind of reconstruction forms the basis for memories that, although systematically incorrect, seem very real and are recounted with a great deal of confidence.

15. Although we cannot increase the capacity of working memory, we can use recoding schemes to enlarge the size of a chunk and thereby increase the memory span. Long-term memory for facts can be improved at the encoding and retrieval stages. One way to improve encoding and retrieval is to use imagery, which is the basic principle underlying mnemonic systems such as the method of loci and the key word method.

16. Other ways to improve encoding (and subsequent retrieval) are to elaborate the meaning of the items and to organize the material during encoding (hierarchical organization seems preferable). The best ways to improve retrieval are to attempt to restore the encoding context at the time of retrieval and to practice retrieving information while learning it.

出典：Smith, E. E., Fredrickson, B., Loftus, G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Barbara, F.(2003). Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology 14th Wadsworth Pub Co.

答：解答例

13. 健常者を対象とした研究においても、顕在記憶と潜在記憶は別々のシステムであることを示唆している。このような研究の多くは、プライミング(例えば、先に単語リストを見て、その後にそれらの単語をどの程度容易に完璧な語にできるか)と呼ばれる潜在記憶の測定に基づいている。一部の研究は、顕在記憶に影響を与える独立変数(符号化中の精緻化の量)はプライミングに影響を与えないことを明らかにしており、一方、潜在記憶に影響を与える変数は顕在記憶に影響しないことを示している研究もある。健常者を対象とした脳画像研究では、顕在記憶は特定の領域の神経活動が増加するのに対し、潜在記憶は当該領域の神経活動が低下する。