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PythonとKerasによるディープラーニングの 5 章について
最近，PythonとKerasによるディープラーニングの 5 章で少しつまずいたので，その内容と解決方法を紹介する．
実行したコード（Google Colaboratory で GPU 利用）
import keras
keras.__version__
from keras import layers
from keras import models
model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu', input_shape=(28, 28, 1)))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
エラーメッセージ
RuntimeError: It looks like you are trying to use a version of multi-backend Keras that does not support TensorFlow 2.0. We recommend using `tf.keras`, or alternatively, downgrading to TensorFlow 1.14.
解決方法
エラーメッセージにある通り，tf.keras を利用するもしくは TensorFlow 1.14 へダウングレードだったので前者を選択した．
修正したコード
import tensorflow as tf
model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu', input_shape=(28, 28, 1)),
tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(2, 2),
tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'),
tf.keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(2, 2),
tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'),
])補足
11 April, 2020 時点での pip list の結果は以下の通り．
（少し長い，そして，配色に違和感を感じるが置いておこう）
Package Version
------------------------ ---------------
absl-py 0.9.0
alabaster 0.7.12
albumentations 0.1.12
altair 4.1.0
asgiref 3.2.7
astor 0.8.1
astropy 4.0.1.post1
astunparse 1.6.3
atari-py 0.2.6
atomicwrites 1.3.0
attrs 19.3.0
audioread 2.1.8
autograd 1.3
Babel 2.8.0
backcall 0.1.0
beautifulsoup4 4.6.3
bleach 3.1.4
blis 0.4.1
bokeh 1.4.0
boto3 1.12.35
botocore 1.15.35
Bottleneck 1.3.2
branca 0.4.0
bs4 0.0.1
CacheControl 0.12.6
cachetools 3.1.1
catalogue 1.0.0
certifi 2019.11.28
cffi 1.14.0
chainer 6.5.0
chardet 3.0.4
click 7.1.1
cloudpickle 1.3.0
cmake 3.12.0
cmdstanpy 0.4.0
colorlover 0.3.0
community 1.0.0b1
contextlib2 0.5.5
convertdate 2.2.0
coverage 3.7.1
coveralls 0.5
crcmod 1.7
cufflinks 0.17.3
cupy-cuda101 6.5.0
cvxopt 1.2.4
cvxpy 1.0.29
cycler 0.10.0
cymem 2.0.3
Cython 0.29.16
daft 0.0.4
dask 2.12.0
dataclasses 0.7
datascience 0.10.6
decorator 4.4.2
defusedxml 0.6.0
descartes 1.1.0
dill 0.3.1.1
distributed 1.25.3
Django 3.0.5
dlib 19.18.0
docopt 0.6.2
docutils 0.15.2
dopamine-rl 1.0.5
earthengine-api 0.1.217
easydict 1.9
ecos 2.0.7.post1
editdistance 0.5.3
en-core-web-sm 2.2.5
entrypoints 0.3
ephem 3.7.7.1
et-xmlfile 1.0.1
fa2 0.3.5
fancyimpute 0.4.3
fastai 1.0.60
fastdtw 0.3.4
fastprogress 0.2.2
fastrlock 0.4
fbprophet 0.6
feather-format 0.4.0
featuretools 0.4.1
filelock 3.0.12
firebase-admin 4.0.1
fix-yahoo-finance 0.0.22
Flask 1.1.1
folium 0.8.3
fsspec 0.7.1
future 0.16.0
gast 0.3.3
GDAL 2.2.2
gdown 3.6.4
gensim 3.6.0
geographiclib 1.50
geopy 1.17.0
gin-config 0.3.0
glob2 0.7
google 2.0.3
google-api-core 1.16.0
google-api-python-client 1.7.12
google-auth 1.7.2
google-auth-httplib2 0.0.3
google-auth-oauthlib 0.4.1
google-cloud-bigquery 1.21.0
google-cloud-core 1.0.3
google-cloud-datastore 1.8.0
google-cloud-firestore 1.6.2
google-cloud-language 1.2.0
google-cloud-storage 1.18.1
google-cloud-translate 1.5.0
google-colab 1.0.0
google-pasta 0.2.0
google-resumable-media 0.4.1
googleapis-common-protos 1.51.0
googledrivedownloader 0.4
graphviz 0.10.1
grpcio 1.27.2
gspread 3.0.1
gspread-dataframe 3.0.5
gym 0.17.1
h5py 2.10.0
HeapDict 1.0.1
holidays 0.9.12
html5lib 1.0.1
httpimport 0.5.18
httplib2 0.17.1
httplib2shim 0.0.3
humanize 0.5.1
hyperopt 0.1.2
ideep4py 2.0.0.post3
idna 2.8
image 1.5.28
imageio 2.4.1
imagesize 1.2.0
imbalanced-learn 0.4.3
imblearn 0.0
imgaug 0.2.9
importlib-metadata 1.6.0
imutils 0.5.3
inflect 2.1.0
intel-openmp 2020.0.133
intervaltree 2.1.0
ipykernel 4.6.1
ipython 5.5.0
ipython-genutils 0.2.0
ipython-sql 0.3.9
ipywidgets 7.5.1
itsdangerous 1.1.0
jax 0.1.62
jaxlib 0.1.42
jdcal 1.4.1
jedi 0.16.0
jieba 0.42.1
Jinja2 2.11.1
jmespath 0.9.5
joblib 0.14.1
jpeg4py 0.1.4
jsonschema 2.6.0
jupyter 1.0.0
jupyter-client 5.3.4
jupyter-console 5.2.0
jupyter-core 4.6.3
kaggle 1.5.6
kapre 0.1.3.1
Keras 2.2.5
Keras-Applications 1.0.8
Keras-Preprocessing 1.1.0
keras-vis 0.4.1
kiwisolver 1.2.0
knnimpute 0.1.0
librosa 0.6.3
lightgbm 2.2.3
llvmlite 0.31.0
lmdb 0.98
lucid 0.3.8
LunarCalendar 0.0.9
lxml 4.2.6
Markdown 3.2.1
MarkupSafe 1.1.1
matplotlib 3.2.1
matplotlib-venn 0.11.5
missingno 0.4.2
mistune 0.8.4
mizani 0.6.0
mkl 2019.0
mlxtend 0.14.0
more-itertools 8.2.0
moviepy 0.2.3.5
mpmath 1.1.0
msgpack 1.0.0
multiprocess 0.70.9
multitasking 0.0.9
murmurhash 1.0.2
music21 5.5.0
natsort 5.5.0
nbconvert 5.6.1
nbformat 5.0.5
networkx 2.4
nibabel 3.0.2
nltk 3.2.5
notebook 5.2.2
np-utils 0.5.12.1
numba 0.47.0
numexpr 2.7.1
numpy 1.18.2
nvidia-ml-py3 7.352.0
oauth2client 4.1.3
oauthlib 3.1.0
okgrade 0.4.3
opencv-contrib-python 4.1.2.30
opencv-python 4.1.2.30
openpyxl 2.5.9
opt-einsum 3.2.0
osqp 0.6.1
packaging 20.3
palettable 3.3.0
pandas 1.0.3
pandas-datareader 0.8.1
pandas-gbq 0.11.0
pandas-profiling 1.4.1
pandocfilters 1.4.2
parso 0.6.2
pathlib 1.0.1
patsy 0.5.1
pexpect 4.8.0
pickleshare 0.7.5
Pillow 7.0.0
pip 19.3.1
pip-tools 4.5.1
plac 1.1.3
plotly 4.4.1
plotnine 0.6.0
pluggy 0.7.1
portpicker 1.3.1
prefetch-generator 1.0.1
preshed 3.0.2
prettytable 0.7.2
progressbar2 3.38.0
prometheus-client 0.7.1
promise 2.3
prompt-toolkit 1.0.18
protobuf 3.10.0
psutil 5.4.8
psycopg2 2.7.6.1
ptvsd 5.0.0a12
ptyprocess 0.6.0
py 1.8.1
pyarrow 0.14.1
pyasn1 0.4.8
pyasn1-modules 0.2.8
pycocotools 2.0.0
pycparser 2.20
pydata-google-auth 0.3.0
pydot 1.3.0
pydot-ng 2.0.0
pydotplus 2.0.2
PyDrive 1.3.1
pyemd 0.5.1
pyglet 1.5.0
Pygments 2.1.3
pygobject 3.26.1
pymc3 3.7
PyMeeus 0.3.7
pymongo 3.10.1
pymystem3 0.2.0
PyOpenGL 3.1.5
pyparsing 2.4.6
pyrsistent 0.16.0
pysndfile 1.3.8
PySocks 1.7.1
pystan 2.19.1.1
pytest 3.6.4
python-apt 1.6.5+ubuntu0.2
python-chess 0.23.11
python-dateutil 2.8.1
python-louvain 0.13
python-slugify 4.0.0
python-utils 2.4.0
pytz 2018.9
PyWavelets 1.1.1
PyYAML 3.13
pyzmq 17.0.0
qtconsole 4.7.2
QtPy 1.9.0
regex 2019.12.20
requests 2.21.0
requests-oauthlib 1.3.0
resampy 0.2.2
retrying 1.3.3
rpy2 3.2.7
rsa 4.0
s3fs 0.4.2
s3transfer 0.3.3
scikit-image 0.16.2
scikit-learn 0.22.2.post1
scipy 1.4.1
screen-resolution-extra 0.0.0
scs 2.1.2
seaborn 0.10.0
Send2Trash 1.5.0
setuptools 46.1.3
setuptools-git 1.2
Shapely 1.7.0
simplegeneric 0.8.1
six 1.12.0
sklearn 0.0
sklearn-pandas 1.8.0
smart-open 1.10.0
snowballstemmer 2.0.0
sortedcontainers 2.1.0
spacy 2.2.4
Sphinx 1.8.5
sphinxcontrib-websupport 1.2.1
SQLAlchemy 1.3.15
sqlparse 0.3.1
srsly 1.0.2
statsmodels 0.10.2
sympy 1.1.1
tables 3.4.4
tabulate 0.8.7
tblib 1.6.0
tensorboard 2.2.0
tensorboard-plugin-wit 1.6.0.post2
tensorboardcolab 0.0.22
tensorflow 2.2.0rc2
tensorflow-addons 0.8.3
tensorflow-datasets 2.1.0
tensorflow-estimator 2.2.0rc0
tensorflow-gcs-config 2.1.8
tensorflow-hub 0.8.0
tensorflow-metadata 0.21.1
tensorflow-privacy 0.2.2
tensorflow-probability 0.9.0
termcolor 1.1.0
terminado 0.8.3
testpath 0.4.4
text-unidecode 1.3
textblob 0.15.3
textgenrnn 1.4.1
Theano 1.0.4
thinc 7.4.0
toolz 0.10.0
torch 1.4.0
torchsummary 1.5.1
torchtext 0.3.1
torchvision 0.5.0
tornado 4.5.3
tqdm 4.38.0
traitlets 4.3.3
tweepy 3.6.0
typeguard 2.7.1
typing 3.6.6
typing-extensions 3.6.6
tzlocal 1.5.1
umap-learn 0.3.10
uritemplate 3.0.1
urllib3 1.24.3
vega-datasets 0.8.0
wasabi 0.6.0
wcwidth 0.1.9
webencodings 0.5.1
Werkzeug 1.0.1
wheel 0.34.2
widgetsnbextension 3.5.1
wordcloud 1.5.0
wrapt 1.12.1
xarray 0.15.1
xgboost 0.90
xkit 0.0.0
xlrd 1.1.0
xlwt 1.3.0
yellowbrick 0.9.1
zict 2.0.0
zipp 3.1.0 参考
以下の github のコードが既に古くなっている部分もある．
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