CONFIDENTIAL

STATISTICS
ON JEWISH CASUALTIES JURING AXIS DOMINATION



Institute of Jewish Affairs
1834 Broadway
New York 25. N. Y.
June, 1945

機密
枢軸支配下のユダヤ人犠牲者統計

ユダヤ問題研究所
ニューヨーク　ニューヨーク25丁目　ブロードウェイ1834番地
1945年6月

General Remarks on the Statistical Data

Attached are two statistical tables. Table I gives the over-all figures on Jewa before the country in question fell under Axis domination, the probable number of Jews now alive, and the total casualties. All these data are given for each country sep- arately, for the total for all countries exclusive of the USSR, and, finally, for the overall total, including the USSR. Absolute fig- ures and the percentage of the original figure are listed. Table II shows the three components making up together the total of survivors.

The net result of the study is that about 68% of all Jews who formerly lived in the countries (except the USSR) enumorated in the tables are neither residents in their home country, nor immi- grants in other countries, nor displaced persons. Inasmuch as only a small part of them could have died of natural causes within tho short period of five years, all of those 68%, or about 4,500,000 Jevre, must be regarded as having perished at the hands of Axis, mainly German, murderers. If we add to this figuro the number of Jews be- lieved to be alive in the original USSR rogions, we arrive at the conclusion that only 40% of the total van be found alive anywhere, and that consequently all but a few of the over-all figure of about 5,700,000 missing in Europe must be considered as Axis casualties.

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Footnotes to Table I
a) The difference between 1931 and 2939 1s explained by the natural increase of 310,000 to 320,000 and the amigration of about 135.000 Jews during this period.
b) The census was taken in May, 1933. It is assumed that about 25.000 Jews left Germany in the first five months of 1933.
c) The smaller figure is explained by natural decrease and emigration.
d) The smaller figure is explained mainly by extensive emigration.
e) The difference is due to the natural increase of the Jewish population.
f) Both the Jewish Year Book, London, 1939, p. 343, and the American Jewish Yearbook. 1939/1940, give the figure of 900,000. A lower figure is accepted since the numbers are based on estimates only.
g) The figure in the American Jewish Yearbook in 240,000 in 1936, and in the Jewish Year Book, 275,000. The meen is acceptod.
h) The figure in the American Jewish Yearbook is 68,405 in 1931.
i) The figure in the American Jewish Tearbook is 72,791 in 1928; the Jewish Year Book gives the figure of 80.000.
j) The figure in the American Jewish Yearbook is 57,425 in 1938; the corresponding figure in the Jewish Year Book is 47,825 in 1931.
k) The figure in the American Jewish Yearbook is 48,565 in 1934, in the Jewish Year Book it is 50,000.

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EXPLANATIONS
I. General
All figures are approximate. Even in regions that have been liberated for quite some time, the exact numbers are unknown since no official census of surviving Jews seems to have been made anywhere. It is possible, therefore, that the actual numbers are somewhat larger or smaller than those given in the above tables; however, the difference will be minimal in relation to the total loss. The numbers of Jews who died of natural causes, or were born after the year in dicated in the table, or killed in action are not taken into account. All figures refer to the territory of the state concerned as it was before the boundaries were changed. Unusually, the numbers given refer to residents, i.e., refugees from other countries are not included, and to such Jews who considered themselves Jews, i.e., divulged their Jewishness in census returns or otherwise; mostly only religious Jews are included. The figure on survivors does not always take into account Jews living on "Aryan" identification papers, nor could all orphans be accounted for (o.g., Russian official sources claim that 30,000 Jewish orphans from Poland, Romania, Hungary, and other countries have found refuge there), but both figures together cannot change the picture to any appreciable extent. The exact breakdown of Jews in German camps according to nationalities is still unknown, but generally the figures are already taken into consideration.
For more detailed accounts, see below.

II. Observations on the Various Countries

1 . POLAND
It was accepted some time ago that there were 30,000 Jews in liberated Poland (JTA dispatch, March 20, 1945, from Moscow, based on figures furnished by Berl Mark, member of the Central Committee of Jewish Organizations in Poland); the same figure was given by the Polish Ambassador in Moscow (New York Times, January 27, 1945). Later, the Association of Polish

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Jews in the USSR gave the member at 50,000 (JTA, May 23, 1945). Since then more Polish Jews have been repatriated from German camps, especially in the Russian occupied parts. The exact numbers are not known, but the overall figure is in all probability not higher than 90,000. Cf these, at least some 10,000 must be considered foreign Jews, as almost all Jews found in Lodz (5,000-6,000) more foreigners: Czechoslovak, French, Belgium, etc. (Jewish Journal, January 29. 1945); in Bydgoszcz and Thorun 3,000 women from Hungary and Lithuania were reported to have been found (Independent Jewish Press Service, March 19, 1945). This hardly more than 60,000 Polish Jews remained alive in their homeland. The last figure for Polish Jews in Poland given in the News from Europe (april 24, 1945) in 50.000.
The number of former Polish Jews in Russia cannot be stated with any exactitude. The Organizational Committee of Polish Jews in Moscow reports that 250,000 Polish Jews escaped into Soviet territory, Some believe that this number refers only to Jens from those parts of Poland which wore not incorporated in the Soviet Union in 1939. This contention is probably based on the fact that the Moscow Anti-Fascist Committee reported that 750,000-800,000 Jews from Poland ware evacuated to Russia: Dr. Sommorstein accepted the lower figure of 500.000 (Forward, November 18. 1944), But all these date have not proven reliable in the past. According to a confidential report fron Moscow by an official of a third power, dated December 17, 1944, there are, on Soviet territory, about 250,000 Jews, originally Polish nationals. The same overall figure of 250,000 was given by Stockholm sources (Tho Polish Jewish Observer, January 5. 1945: and News from Europe, April 24, 1945). Since not all Polish Jews in the USSR nay have been accounted for, their number is put at 300,000-350,000. In addition, some are still alive in Germany, for instance, in Garmisch-Patenkirchen (JTA, Juno 12, 1945), Mauthausen (ibid., June 10, 1945): 1,500 have been found in Ebensee, and
some more are in neighboring camps (JTA. June 14, 1945). Моscow reports that a

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Large number of the 60,000 Jews liberated by the Red Army are from Poland. A part of the 10,000 Jews found in Prague are, Polish (JTA, June 3, 1945): 4,000 are reported in Theresienstadt(JTA, June 1, 1945): 2,500 were found in Buchen wald (JTA, April 23, 1945), 1,500 were brought from Stutthof and Flensburg and sheltered in Sweden. There are also a few thousand prisoners of war (Congress Weekly, Juno 8, 1945). The overall figure is accepted at 50,000.

To those figures must be added the number of Polish Jews who have survived on what is now Russian territory. Their number may be estimated at no more than 25,000, as in Eastern Galicia less then 9.000 were reported alive out of the original 400,000 (JTA, February 8, 1945) and in the 38 larger cities of Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia, less than 1% of the original Jewish population was found alive (Forward, February 20, 1945). Since the Jewish population in the Polish parts incorporated in Russia was about 1,000,000 (Wirtschaft und Statistik, 1940, Nc. 9, based on Russian data), the figure of 25,000 must, unfortunately, be considered quite favorable, especially if we consider that the total number of Jews left in Russian territories under German occupation is estimated at 30,000 (JTA, April , 1945).

2. ROMANIA The figures for the surviving Jews on the present territory of Romania were given at 280,000-290,000. They already include some 17,000 ropatriated from Transnistria (European News Digest, October 14, 1944), but some more may have been repatriated from there by the Russians. JTA, April 8. 1945, reports that trainloads are still arriving, and the total number in April (JTA, April 13th) is expected to amount to 17,000. However, large parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina) are incorporated in Russia and others (Transylvania) were for sone tine annexed by Hungary. The figure on Jove from Bessarabia evacuated to Russia varies from 44,000 (estimate by the Bessarabian Jewish Federation in Palestina Morning Freiheit, December 1, 1944) to 52,000 from Kishinev alone(JTA dispatch from Moscow, March 7, 1945). We may safely

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accept the lower figure. There are almost no date on Bukovina, but it can hardly be expected that the number of Jews evacuated exceeds 10,000 and the number of survivors, 15,000. Almost the whole Jewish population of Northern Transylvania was deported and their fate is unknown; it is reported, however, that 12,000 of them were liberated in Oswiecim (JTA, March 25, 1945) and others followed (See JTA, June 10, 1945, on repatriates from Polish camps). It must be assumed that a part of the Romanian Jews still alive on German soil come from this part of Romania; we accept the figure of 30,000-40,000. In Transylvania only 6,000 out of a total of 150,000 are reported to have been found (Dr. Morton, head of an International Red Cross mission there, quoted by ONA, November 25, 1944); this figure is included in the number of Jews present in their homeland. News fron Europe, April 24, 1945, gives the number of surviving Jews in Romania as 350,000.

3. GERMANY The census of May 17, 1939 revealed 307,624 Jews in Greater Germany (Wirtschaft und Statistik, 1941, No. 9 Sonderbeilage). Of this number, 82,077 were in Vienna and 1,638 in the Sudetenland, this leaving sone 224,000 for Germany proper and allowing 300,000 for emigration and natural deaths. We add some 20,000 for subsequent emigration and subtract 100,000 who emigrated to France, Belgium, Holland, and Denmark countries later overrun by the Germans. The number of German Jews who have survivod in these countries is not known exactly, but it might be put at about 35.000; we have to add some 10,000 for those who escaped to Switzerland, Spain, and Portugal after the war brake out. All these figures are given as referring to emigrants. At this moment the number of German deportees to Poland is unknown; the figure does not seem to be large. Despite the reports by Himmler that there were still 500,000 Jews (JTA, March 18, 1945) or over 700.000 Jews (JTA, February 20, 1945: cf. News from Europe, March 20. 1945) under German control, and other reports putting the number of Jews

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working in Upper Silesia alone at 200,000 (News fron Europe, March 6, 1945), the number of German Jews in Germany is estimated at only 8,000. Previously, only 5,000 were reported to have been found (JTA. April 6, 1945). The same figure was given by the CWI (Congress Weekly, April 13, 1945). The reports as to thousands of Jews found in large cities (in Berlin alone about 6,000 JTA, June 12, 1945), refer mostly to half-Jews and those with non-Jewish spouses who ordinarily did not belong to the category of "religious" Jews.

4. HUNGARY Only Jews in the regions which belonged to Hungary in 1939 are considered here. The figures of the Hungarian Provisional Government, which reported the slaughter of 450,000 Jews, and similar statements, refer (with reservations as to their exactitude) to the whole of Hungary after 1939, i.e., including certain regions of Slovakia, Carpathian-Russia, and Northern Transylvania.
The figure on the number of Jews present in Hungary today is based on the latest reports, according to which there are some 120,000 Jews in Budapest and 40,000 more outside that city (a certain number of Jews from formerly annexed territories are among than). Earlier the Stockholms-Tidningen reported that about 150,000 Jews from Budapest had been saved and that 55.000 might still be in German labor camps (News from Europe, March 20, 1945). 35,000-40,000 were reported to have been found in Linz (JTA, May 15, 1945) and 8,000, in Theresienstadt (ibid., June 1, 1945). Of this number, 40,000 are reckoned as repatriated. Less known are the figures on the numbers of Hungarian Jews still alive outside the country. The figure of 50.000 deportees is based on the belief that sото 300,000 are alive (JTA, May 21, 1945).

5. CZECHOSLOVAKIA The member of Jews in the territories formerly comprising the Czechoslovak Republic cannot be stated correctly. It is rom ported (JTA, March 2, 1945) that in Carpathian-Russia only 3,000 out of a former Jewish community of 110,000 were found alive. In Slovakia (total Jewish population

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in 1939: 135.000) few Jews were encountered; in Kosice only 300 out of 15.000; in Presov some 30 out of 7.000 (Czechoslovak Newsletter, February 23, 1945). The total was set at 5.000 (JTA, April 30, 1945). It is not known how many of the 50,000 Jews formerly in the Protectorate are still there; hardly any will be found in the Sudetenland. According to a report by Mr. Rosenberg (in charge of Jewish affairs), only about 15,000 of the 350,000 Czechoslovak Jos are now alive (JTA, June 6, 1945). Dr. Eric Kolar estimated that less than one tenth of the 118,000 Jews who lived in Bohemia-Moravia before the German occupa tion have survived (JTA, June 20, 1945). The figure of 20.000 for the number of Czechoslovak Jews at present in their homeland is, therefore, rather optimistic.

The figure of displaced is taken at some 10,000, since it was reported earlier that 10,000 Carpathian Jews were found in Hungary (JTA, February 4, 1945); 3,000 Czechoslovak Jewish survivors from Oswiecim have arrived in Kosice (JTA, April 8, 1945), and some are in Theresienstadt (2.500 are reported to have been there- JTA, June 1, 1945) and in various German camps. It was reported, for instance, that 450 Jewish women hailing from Czechoslovakia were found in Thorun (Jewish Journal, February 28, 1945). In view of the fact that part of them have already boen repatriated, the number of displaced accepted at 10,000.

6. FRANCE The number of Jews is France is estimated at about 170,000 (Forward, February 18, 1945). News from Europe, April 24, 1945, puts this figure at 180,000. But s not inconsiderable part consists of refugees from Germany, Austria and other countries. German refugees alone probably number 4,000 (Congress Weekly, April 13, 1945). To assume that not more than 150,000 belong to the category of permanent residents of France. The number of Jewish deportees fron France was put at 100,716 by the Government (Independent Jewish Pross Service, February 5. 1945): the Franc-Tirour put the number at 110,000 (News from Europe, February 13, 1945); Lo Populaire, at over 120,000 (ibid., Novenber 21, 1944); the Ministry of Prisoners, at 108,000 (Liberation in JTA, May 2, 1945).

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A considerable part of this number were refugees. The number of Jews killed in France is estimated at 10,000-15,000 (The Day, January 12, 1945). It is not known whether any of the deportees from France are still alive; they have not been found among the survivors so far.

7 . AUSTRIA There are hardly any Jews left in Austria; Mr. Schwarz of the JDC has estimated their number at 200 (New York Times, February 17, 1945). Later reports put the number of Jews in Vienna at 3.000 (JTA. May 22, 1945), but a large part of them were Hungarians. Mr. Resnik (of the JDC) reported that Vienna now has about 17.000 Jews (New York Times, June 18, 1945), but the greatest part of them apparently are refugees. Some Jews are reported to have been found in Lodz (Jewish Journal, January 29, 1945). Others may still be alive in Theresienstadt or Bergen Belsen, 1,300 Austrian Jews were reported to bo in Theresienstadt (JTA, June 1, 1945). The survivors in Western Europe are included in the number of emigrants.

8 . LITHUANIA The exact number of surviving Jews is disputed, but together with those who have returned, hardly exceeds 2,000. This figure was given in the Jewish Observer, March 9, 1945. The number of deportees and evacuees to Russia is estimated at 3.000, since the higher figures given (7,000-8.000) include, in all probability, the Jews from Wilna. Some Lithuanian Jews are reported to have been found in Silesia, Bydgosz and Thorun (Independent Jewish Press Service, March 19, 1945 and Jewish Journal, February 28, 1945), some in Dachau and other camps, but they hardly number more than 2,000.

9 . HOLLAND The number of survivors in Holland was put at 9.000 by Dutch underground and similar sources (The Day, January 25, 1945, New York Post, January 24, 1945); others set the total at 10,000-15,000 (JTA, January 27, and February 13. 1945). Up to April only some 3,000 had been found in the liberated territory (News from Europe, April 24, 1945). The figure of 7,000 was accepted

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by ??? (Dutch News Agency)??? (Our Tribuno, December 21, 1944), Some of the deported have been ???: 1500 were reported to be in Belgium (JTA February 13. 1945), 300 were found in Thorun (Jewish Journal, February 28, 1945), 600 were released from Theresienstadt and brought to Switzerland (Congress Weekly, January 16, 1945), and about 1.500 were Theresienstadt upon its to liberation (World Jewish Congress, Genova office report Jewish Journal, June Y 1945). Others were found in the newly liberated parts. A report from Utrecht set the overall figure of Jewish survivors in Holland at about 25,000 (JTA. May 25, 1945), but a large part of them are foreigners. A cable from Brussels (May 31, 1945) gave the number at 25,000-30,000. The number of surviving Dutch Jews is, therefore, assumed to be about 20,000, with the hope that same 10,000 may still be alive in camps outside Holland.

10. LATVIA The figures are self-explanatory.

11. YUGOSLAVIA At first the number of survivors within Yugoslavia was estimated at about 1,000 (New York Times, November 24, 1944) and 1,600 (The Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees, cited in News from Europe. December 19, 1944), but later figures emanating from Jewish personalities in Yugoslavia have set the figure at 7,000 (JTA March 6, 1945). The same figure of 7,000 is reported in News from Europe, April 24, 1945. Mr. Resnik of the Joint Distribution Committee, estimated the number of Jews in Yugoslavia at 5,000-6,000 (New York Times, June 18, 1945). A certain number of Yugoslav Jews escaped to Italy: the number was put by the JDC at 5,000 (Polish Jewish Observer, December 22, 1944), but only about 2,000 are believed to be safe in liberated territory. The number of Yugoslav Jews found in various camps is minimal (29 were found in Brzezinski camp Polpress, February 27, 1945). Hardly more than 3,000-4,000 may, therefore, be regarded as displaced.

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Jewish Press Service, June 1, 1945). Mention has already been made that 1,500 Dutch Jews were found there; some of the 6,000-8,000 Polish Jews found in Brussels (News from Belgium, November 18, 1944) may also belong to the category of refugees. We, therefore, assure the number of Belgian resident Jews present in their homeland, including those already repatriated, to be 20,000, 1,410 Jews from Belgium were reported to have been found in Lodz(Jewish Journal, January 29, 1945): 300 in Thorun (ibid., February 28, 1945), while some must be in France. Official Belgian sources have estimated the number of Belgian Jews in Germany at 26,000 (Van Zeeland in News from Europe, March 6, 1945), but there is hardly any hope that any larger part of them besides those already returned are really alive.

14 . ITALY The number of Jews in liberated Southern Italy was reported at 22,000, including 5.000 non-Italian Jews (Jewish Observer, February 9, 1945). Others (News from Europe, April 24, 1945) set it at 25.000. The accepted figure of 30,000 is based on the report that 5,000 were found in Northern Italy (Independent Jewish Press Service, May 2, 1945). Mr. Resnik of the JDC reported that approximately 35.000 Italian Jews have been located (New York Times, June 18, 1945). According to the report, 3.500 Milanese Jews escaped into Switzerland.

15 . BULGARIA According to an unpublished census taken recently, there are 33,000 Jews in Bulgaria (Independent Jewish Press Service, March 9, 1945). Other reports speak of 40,000 (Forward, February 18, 1945); News from Europe, April 24, 1945, gave the figure of 45.000. The figure in the table is the arithmetical mean. Of the total some 25,000 are reported to live in Sofia (JTA, May 26, 1945). The Sofia radio reported that 10,000 Bulgarian Jews had lost their lives (JTA. November 26, 1944).

16 . DENMARK There are no reliable reports on the fate of the deported Jews who were believed to have been held in Theresienstadt.

17 . ESTONIA No precise figures are available. Both numbers are estimates.

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18. LUXEMBOURG So far only 400 Jews have been reported to be in Luxembourg (Morning Freiheit, June 8, 1945). According to the Aufbau, 1,600 Jews from Luxembourg were deported by the Germans, but others believe that practically no Jews were found there by the Germans.

19. MORWAY 825 Norwegian Jews are reported to have escaped to Sweden (Oslo radio in JTA, June 7, 1945). Of the deported only 12 are alive (ibid.).

20. SOVIET RUSSIA There are no reliable figures on the exact number of surviving or murdered Jews. Some put the number of slain (in all the occupied parts of Russia, including the former Polish and Romanian territories and the Baltic States) at 1,500,000; others, as high as 3,000,000 (Forward, November 18, 1945). The number of Jews in the occupied regions of Russia was about 2,100,000, and in the incorporated regions, 1,600,000 (Wirtschaft und Statistik, op.cit.); together, 3,700,000 Jews, This would leave 700,000-2,200,000 alive throughout the Soviet Union figures too widely dis parate to be of any help in determining the number of surviving Jews in the original Russian parts. Delegates of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic to the United Nations Conference in San Francisco assume that in the Ukraine alone about one million Jews were slain (Morning Freiheit, June 10, 1945). The number of over one million for the Ukraine was given in the Einikeit (Moscow) in 1943. Neither are there reliable figures on the numbers of Jews evacuated from the formerly German-occupied regions, but it can hardly be assumed that half the number of Jews in the original Russian parts were evacuated. One half would correspond to the overall portion of persons evacuated from urban places in these territories as given by German sources (Reichsarbeitsblatt, March 5, 1942). Since the number of Jews left in all Russian territories formerly under German occupation is reported to amount to about 30,000, we must assume that some 1.250.000 Jews from the original Russian regions have perished. Thus, some 1,800,000 Jews within the original frontiers of the Soviet Union may be presumed to be alive.