「新しい資本主義」のgoalは、自由主義経済のもとでの資本主義に、どのような社会主義的政策をブレンドして、全体として、成長もし、かつ、格差是正を図りながら、中間層を豊かに厚くし、貧困層に対しても、十分なサポートを行い、貧困層をなくすことだと思います。

そこで、Richard D. Wolff (米国経済学者) が紹介していたWorkers' Self-Directed Enterprisesの事を思い出しました。この組織においては、RESOURCEの全てを、従業員が共有し、取締役の機能はなく、組織の事は、全て、従業員で決めるという、ある意味、民主的組織です。この組織の強みは、従業員の参画意識が非常に高いので、生産性も自ずと高くなります。勿論、現在のように技術変化、産業構造の変化の激しい中で、生き延びていくには、成長産業にRESOUCEをSHIFTし、かつ、従業員がその変化に対応できるよう、十分な教育・研修を受けることが必要ですが、それもWorkers' Self-Directed Enterprisesに担わせていけば、国が労働者の教育にお金をかけるより、ずっと効率的になると思います。是非、Richard D. Wolff (米国経済学者) を検索して、彼の経済思想を学んで欲しいと思います。

さて、今回は、資本主義と社会主義の違いにつき、とてもコンパクトにまとめられた記事をみつけましたので、以下に紹介させて頂きます。

わたしのnoteにおいては、最新の科学・経済・社会等の問題に関して、英語の記事を引用し、その英文が読み易いように加工し、英語の勉強ツールと最新情報収集ツールとしてご利用頂くことをmain missionとさせて頂きます。勿論、私論を書かせて頂くこともしばしです。

Socialism vs. Capitalism: What Is the Difference?
By Robert Longley / Updated December 04, 2020

Socialism and capitalism are the two main economic systems used in developed countries today. The main difference between capitalism and socialism is the extent to which the government controls the economy.

Key Takeaways: Socialism vs. Capitalism
・Socialism is an economic and political system under which the means of production are publicly owned. Production and consumer prices are controlled by the government to best meet the needs of the people.
・Capitalism is an economic system under which the means of production are privately owned. Production and consumer prices are based on a free-market system of “supply and demand.”
・Socialism is most often criticized for its provision of social services programs requiring high taxes that may decelerate economic growth.
・Capitalism is most often criticized for its tendency to allow income inequality and stratification of socio-economic classes.
・Socialist governments strive to eliminate economic inequality by tightly controlling businesses and distributing wealth through programs that benefit the poor, such as free education and healthcare.
・Capitalism, on the other hand, holds that private enterprise utilizes economic resources more efficiently than the government and that society benefits when the distribution of wealth is determined by a freely-operating market.

・Ownership of Assets

Capitalism / Means of production owned by private individuals
Socialism / Means of production owned by government or cooperatives

・Income Equality 

Capitalism / Income determined by free market forces
Socialism / Income equally distributed according to need

・Consumer Prices

Capitalism / Prices determined by supply and demand
Socialism / Prices set by the government

・Efficiency and Innovation

Capitalism / Free market competition encourages efficiency and innovation
Socialism / Government-owned businesses have less incentive for efficiency and innovation

・Healthcare

Capitalism / Healthcare provided by private sector
Socialism / Healthcare provided free or subsidized by the government

・Taxation

Capitalism / Limited taxes based on individual income
Socialism / High taxes necessary to pay for public services

The United States is generally considered to be a capitalist country, while many Scandinavian and Western European countries are considered socialist democracies. In reality, however, most developed countries—including the U.S.—employ a mixture of socialist and capitalist programs.

Capitalism Definition
Capitalism is an economic system under which private individuals own and control businesses, property, and capital—the “means of production.” The volume of goods and services produced is based on a system of “supply and demand,” which encourages businesses to manufacture quality products as efficiently and inexpensively as possible.

In the purest form of capitalism—free market or laissez-faire (〈フランス語〉自由競争主義（の）、自由放任主義（の）/lèiseifér) capitalism—individuals are unrestrained in participating in the economy. They decide where to invest their money, as well as what to produce and sell at what prices. True laissez-faire capitalism operates without government controls. In reality, however, most capitalist countries employ some degree of government regulation of business and private investment.

Capitalist systems make little or no effort to prevent income inequality. Theoretically, financial inequality encourages competition and innovation, which drive economic growth. Under capitalism, the government does not employ the general workforce. As a result, unemployment can increase during economic downturns. Under capitalism, individuals contribute to the economy based on the needs of the market and are rewarded by the economy based on their personal wealth.

Socialism Definition
Socialism describes a variety of economic systems under which the means of production are owned equally by everyone in society. In some socialist economies, the democratically elected government owns and controls major businesses and industries. In other socialist economies, production is controlled by worker cooperatives. In a few others, individual ownership of enterprise and property is allowed, but with high taxes and government control.

The mantra (持説、信念、主張/mǽntrə) of socialism is, “From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution.” This means that each person in society gets a share of the economy’s collective production—goods and wealth—based on how much they have contributed to generating it. Workers are paid their share of production after a percentage has been deducted (控除される) to help pay for social programs that serve “the common good.”

In contrast to capitalism, the main concern of socialism is the elimination of “rich” and “poor” socio-economic classes by ensuring an equal distribution of wealth among the people. To accomplish this, the socialist government controls the labor market, sometimes to the extent of being the primary employer. This allows the government to ensure full employment even during economic downturns.

The Socialism vs. Capitalism Debate
The key arguments in the socialism vs. capitalism debate focus on socio-economic equality and the extent to which the government controls wealth and production.

・Ownership and Income Equality
Capitalists argue that private ownership of property (land, businesses, goods, and wealth) is essential to ensuring the natural right of people to control their own affairs. Capitalists believe that because private-sector enterprise uses resources more efficiently than government, society is better off when the free market decides who profits and who does not. In addition, private ownership of property makes it possible for people to borrow and invest money, thus growing the economy.

Socialists, on the other hand, believe that property should be owned by everyone. They argue that capitalism’s private ownership allows a relatively few wealthy people to acquire most of the property. The resulting income inequality leaves those less well off at the mercy of the rich. Socialists believe that since income inequality hurts the entire society, the government should reduce it through programs that benefit the poor such as free education and healthcare and higher taxes on the wealthy.

・Consumer Prices
Under capitalism, consumer prices are determined by free market forces. Socialists argue that this can enable businesses that have become monopolies to exploit their power by charging excessively higher prices than warranted (正当な) by their production costs.

In socialist economies, consumer prices are usually controlled by the government. Capitalists say this can lead to shortages and surpluses of essential products. Venezuela is often cited as an example. According to Human Rights Watch, “most Venezuelans go to bed hungry.” Hyperinflation and deteriorating health conditions under the socialist economic policies of President Nicolás Maduro have driven an estimated 3 million people to leave the country as food became a political weapon.

・Efficiency and Innovation
The profit incentive of capitalism’s private ownership encourages businesses to be more efficient and innovative, enabling them to manufacture better products at lower costs. While businesses often fail under capitalism, these failures give rise to new, more efficient businesses through a process known as “creative destruction.”

Socialists say that state ownership prevents business failures, prevents monopolies, and allows the government to control production to best meet the needs of the people. However, say capitalists, state ownership breeds inefficiency and indifference as labor and management have no personal profit incentive.

Healthcare and Taxation
Socialists argue that governments have a moral responsibility to provide essential social services. They believe that universally needed services like healthcare, as a natural right, should be provided free to everyone by the government. To this end, hospitals and clinics in socialist countries are often owned and controlled by the government.

Capitalists contend that state, rather than private control, leads to inefficiency and lengthy delays in providing healthcare services. In addition, the costs of providing healthcare and other social services force socialist governments to impose high progressive taxes while increasing government spending, both of which have a chilling effect on the economy.

Capitalist and Socialist Countries Today
Today, there are few if any developed countries that are 100% capitalist or socialist. Indeed, the economies of most countries combine elements of socialism and capitalism.

In Norway, Sweden, and Denmark—generally considered socialist—the government provides healthcare, education, and pensions. However, private ownership of property creates a degree of income inequality. An average of 65% of each nation’s wealth is held by only 10% of the people—a characteristic of capitalism.

The economies of Cuba, China, Vietnam, Russia, and North Korea incorporate characteristics of both socialism and communism.

While countries such as Great Britain, France, and Ireland have strong socialist parties, and their governments provide many social support programs, most businesses are privately owned, making them essentially capitalist.

The United States, long considered the prototype of capitalism, isn’t even ranked in the top 10 most capitalist countries, according to the conservative think tank Heritage Foundation. The U.S. drops in the Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom due to its level of government regulation of business and private investment.

Indeed, the Preamble (〈米〉〔憲法の〕前文/príːæ̀mbl) of the U.S. Constitution sets one the nation’s goals to be “promote the general welfare.” In order to accomplish this, the United States employs certain socialist-like social safety net programs, such as Social Security, Medicare, food stamps, and housing assistance.