PBS NewsHour July 28, 2023

このnoteの目的は、アメリカのニュース番組が理解出来るようになる方法を伝えることです。その方法とは、英語字幕を読みながら英語ニュースを毎日見続けること。　こんな感じです（サンプルのスクリーンショット）。

使う教材は、上のリンクの動画です。
アメリカの公共放送PBSのニュース番組で、質の高い報道に定評がありますが、残念なことに、字幕に誤りがかなり含まれていることがあります。番組がアメリカで放送されてから約２時間で最終版の字幕がアップロードされますので、時間的制約を考えれば誤りは仕方がないことかもしれません。

しかし、英語学習者の場合、字幕に誤りがあると、変だと思っても、それが本当に間違いなのか分からないことがあると思います。あるいは、間違いに気付かないこともあるかもしれません。ですから、正確な字幕が必要です。

そこで、約１時間の番組ですが、英語音声をすべて聞いて、字幕の明らかな誤りを訂正したものをダウンロードできるようにしています（少し下にあります）。この字幕ファイルと動画をダウンロードして再生ソフトで使ってください（上のスクリーンショット動画のように再生できます。英語が速すぎる場合は、あまりおすすめしませんが、再生速度の調節もできます）。

また、このnoteや字幕ファイルでは、辞書を調べても分からないような英語表現を説明しています（辞書を引けば分かる言葉は、自分で調べてください）。辞書に載ってないような表現、辞書にあっても意味がたくさんありすぎてどれなのか分からない言葉、文脈の中で特殊な使われ方をしている言葉、背景の知識がないと分からない部分、ニュース英語や時事英語の独特な表現、知っていると訳に立ちそうな表現などを説明しています（書き加えた説明は[* ……] ）。

それでは、今日も一緒に英語のニュースを見ていきましょう！

■ 英語字幕ファイルのダウンロード　

• [PBS NewsHour July 28, 2023] の字幕ファイルのダウンロード
  （この字幕ファイルはテキストエディタ（windowsの「メモ帳」など）で開くことも出来ますが、下の「字幕ファイルの使い方」のように再生ソフト（無料）で使うことをおすすめします。こんな感じに表示されます。）

• ブラウザーによってダウンロードがブロックされる場合ば、下のテキストファイルをダウンロードして拡張子.txtを .lrcに変更して使ってください。

• 字幕ファイルの使い方

• 字幕ファイルを自分で作る

• 続けるコツ

• 再生速度の変更方法

• セサミストリートに応用

■ 動画サイトへのリンク

・直接動画サイトを見る場合のリンクです(リンク先字幕の誤りは元のまま)
・分からない言葉はこの２つの辞書でたいてい見つかると思います
・上の字幕ファイルには、約１時間の番組の全字幕と語句説明があります
・以下はサンプル程度です

[00:00]　今日の番組内容

[02:00]　今日の主要ニュース

[03:57] GEOFF BENNETT: [** 日本の今年の防衛白書についてのニュース ] Meantime, Japan released a defense analysis that warns of the most serious security threats since World War II. It cites actions by China, North Korea and Russia and calls for a Japanese military buildup in response.

[04:11] The U.S. House and Senate now face tough negotiations over an annual defense policy bill. The Senate passed its version last night. It includes a 5.2 percent pay raise for the military. But, unlike the House version, it does not curb troops' access to gender-affirming care [** gender-affirming = Inducing a change in the physical gender characteristics, whether surgically or pharmaceutically, of a transgender person (wiktionary). 性適合の(ための) ] or abortion. That leaves lawmakers to work out a compromise bill.

[05:45]★今日のおすすめ★　トランプ追起訴／大陪審が提出を求めた防犯カメラ映像の削除を従業員に指示など３件／３人目の被告はMar-a-Lago従業員のCarlos De Oliveira／元連邦検事・元FBI幹部のChuck Rosenbergに聞く／追起訴の理由／検察側に協力しているトランプ従業員の存在

[06:26] GEOFF BENNETT: So, these new charges were presented in what's known as a superseding indictment [** superseding indictment = It’s a document that amends and replaces the original indictment, listing the formal charges against a defendant. A grand jury typically approves a superseding indictment after additional information or evidence has been obtained, and the new document usually adds charges or defendants to the case.
https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/28/politics/what-is-superseding-indictment-trump/index.html ] that was handed up by the grand jury in Florida yesterday.

[08:49] So, normally, the government would prefer to bring all of its charges and all of its defendants in one case, one time. Sometimes, there are pieces that are lingering that they haven't quite yet resolved. It's also possible that they learned new information after the original indictment was filed. So I don't know which of those things happened. I know the preference is to bring it all at once in one charging instrument [** A charging instrument is a paper that says someone did something wrong. It usually accuses them of a crime and can be either an indictment or an information. It's like a formal way of saying someone is being charged with breaking the law. https://www.lsd.law/define/charging-instrument // information = (通例,公式ではあるが,大陪審の審査を経ないで提起される)略式起訴(状) (ランダムハウス) // instrument = 法律文書 ] .

[10:50] GEOFF BENNETT: Could this new information, Chuck, delay the start of this trial, which right now is slated for May 2024? [** 関連ニュース ]

[10:56] CHUCK ROSENBERG: Yes, so that's about 10 months out, Geoff. I come from the Eastern District of Virginia, which was known as the rocket docket [** rocket docket = (US, law) A court or other tribunal that is noted for the speedy disposition of cases (wiktionary)] , where 10 months would be an eternity.

[11:44]★今日のおすすめ★　香港の民主主義弾圧／海外亡命中の反体制活動家を狙う中国　８人に逮捕状／その一人の香港ビジネスマンで米国在住のオンライン・コメンテーターElmer Yuenへのインタビュー／選挙で選ぶ香港議会を海外に設置する計画／追跡不可能で安全なオンライン投票システムを使って年末までに実施を目指す

[14:56] So, they tried to detain my kids, tried to scare me and get me to stop, I wouldn't be surprised if they detain them for a longer period of time, like what they did to the Two Michaels in Canada [** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_Michael_Spavor_and_Michael_Kovrig ] .

[19:00]　不透明な医薬品のサプライチェーン／透明性を高めて価格抑制を図る国や州の取り組みがある一方、高価格に苦しむ小規模薬局／Fred de Sam Lazaro記者がリポート／pharmacy benefit manager(薬剤給付管理会社、PBM)とは何か／医薬品価格が高い原因はPBMか製薬会社か　責任のなすり合い

[27:25] And although his store is so busy, they're not accepting new patients, Hoeschen says there's a good chance the ones he has will soon have to go to those chain stores, and this drugstore, like a third of all independent pharmacies in Minnesota, will go the way of the soda fountain. [** 番組の20:12に、soda fountain(= a counter, in a shop, at which sodas, ice-creams etc are prepared and served)はパンデミックで営業をやめたことが出てくる。薬局自体が、それと同じ道をたどる、つまり閉店するという意味。]

[27:57]　裁判で正当防衛が認められないことがあるDV被害女性／ポッドキャスト『Blind Plea』の司会者でジャーナリストのLiz Flockに聞く／なぜ正当防衛と認められないことがあるのか　特に、有色人種の女性の場合／blind pleaとは何か、その問題点は

[27:57] GEOFF BENNETT: More than two dozen states around the country have a version of self-defense laws, sometimes known as stand-your-ground laws [** 以前の番組に詳しい説明があります ] . They allow for the use of force, even deadly force, when someone feels threatened in their home or other locations.

[28:59] WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Grey's stand-your-ground defense was rejected. And so, in 2020, she took what is known as a blind plea [** = A blind plea is a guilty plea without a set sentence. A blind plea is different from a standard plea bargain. In standard plea bargains, the defense attorney and the prosecuting attorney agree on a guilty plea for the accused, and, in exchange, the prosecuting attorney recommends a lighter sentence. The lighter sentence is typically an amount of time that both attorneys and the accused have agreed to. A blind plea is accompanied by no such agreement, leaving it up to the judge to sentence the defendant as they see fit within the bounds of the law. According to the type of crime the defendant is charged with, the judge still follows sentencing guidelines that give minimum and maximum penalties. https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/blind-plea.html ] , where you plead guilty, in her case to manslaughter, but you don't know what your punishment is. She was sentenced to 15 years.

[36:24]★今日のおすすめ★　金曜恒例：２人の政治アナリストと今週を振り返る／Washington PostのJonathan CapehartとGary Abernathy

[38:11] Here, you had a week where the president's son was in court trying to do a sweetheart deal, plead to two misdemeanors and, he thought, be exempted or be immunized from any other crimes that he may have committed, whereas, on the other hand the president's probably main opponent for November is -- it's all full barrels, let's keep indicting more and more people around him to get someone to flip [** to flip = to agree to testify against one's co-conspirators in exchange for concessions from prosecutors (wiktionary)] and see if they will say, Trump told me to do this.

[42:30] GEOFF BENNETT: But, Gary, what are we to make of Donald Trump's hardwired fixation with Hillary Clinton's e-mail server during the campaign, an e-mail-investigation that ended without charges, the "Lock her up" chants? It was a call-and-response [** = a form of interaction between a speaker and one or more listeners, in which every utterance of the speaker elicits a verbal or non-verbal response from the listener or listeners (thefreedictionary) // この動画が分かりやすい --> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQCiIIeN0Bw ] to -- at all of those rallies. I was there covering it. And now fast-forward to the current moment. Donald Trump is accused of trying to wipe [** to wipe = to erase a recording from (an audio or video tape) ] a server that had video footage of the mishandling of document -- of classified documents.

[43:38] And to your original question, Geoff, if we have learned anything from the four years of Donald Trump's presidency and his campaign leading up to it and the campaign to try to get reelected, he's the master of projection [** projection = 《心理学》投影,自分の持つ好ましくない考え方や感じ方などを,無意識のうちに他人に転嫁すること (『英辞郎』) // see also: https://analytic-room.com/essays/projection-as-a-political-weapon-chris-bell-gary-senecal/ ] . Anything that he accuses someone else of doing, whether it's Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, you name them, he has either done it himself for real or would really like to do it. And what we're discovering now is that he has done all of the things he has accused Hillary Clinton of doing, actually done.

[46:23] And we should say that Senator Feinstein's office said that that was a very chaotic, their word, markup session [** markup = a U.S. Congressional committee session at which a bill is put into final form before it is reported out (Merriam-Webster)] , a business meeting of that committee, and that she wasn't fully aware of what was happening when.

[48:04] GARY ABERNATHY: Yes, I have never been a fan of term limits, and even though Republicans are the ones that pushed them over the years, by and large. I think they're -- they -- when people complain about the deep state [** A deep state is a type of governance made up of potentially secret and unauthorized networks of power operating independently of a state's political leadership in pursuit of their own agenda and goals... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_state (Wikipedaの右上のlanguagesに日本語ページへのリンクもあります) ] and leaving the bureaucrats in control of things, that's what's going to happen when you have term limits and people have to come and go and only the bureaucrats get to stay.

[48:56]　黒人所有のクラフトビール醸造所／多様性と変化を目指す

[51:16] MARIO BENJAMIN: This is our latest release that we did, So, Oakland Haze is a shout-out [** = a public expression of greeting, praise, or acknowledgement directed toward a person or group ] to the Oakland A's.

[53:32] MAN: They're like, it's the only Black brewery in this place. You should go check them out. And I was like, oh, say less [** = say no more. (Indicating enthusiastic agreement) ] . I'm going there.

■ おすすめの辞書（時事英語やニュース英語に強い辞書）

■ 英語のラジオを聞く（BGM代わりにCNNやBBC）

■ 英語のテレビを見る（NBC News ・ ABC News）